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Paul of Tarsus called Peter as "Cephas", [] in the same way that Jesus did. To better understand what Christ meant, St. Though Peter be a rock, yet he is not a rock as Christ is. For Christ is the true unmoveable rock of himself, Peter is unmoveable by Christ the rock. For Jesus doth communicate and impart his dignities, not voiding himself of them, but holding them to himself, bestoweth them also upon others. He is the light, and yet 2.

You are the light: In reference to Peter's occupation before becoming an Apostle, the popes wear the Fisherman's Ring , which bears an image of the saint casting his nets from a fishing boat. The keys used as a symbol of the pope's authority refer to the "keys of the kingdom of Heaven" promised to Peter. Peter is often depicted in both Western and Eastern Christian art holding a key or a set of keys. Though the authenticity of this account has been challenged, the general consensus is that these are Jesus' words. The Roman Martyrology assigns 29 June as the feast day of both Peter and Paul , without thereby declaring that to be the day of their deaths.

Augustine of Hippo says in his Sermon But those two were one. Although their martyrdom occurred on different days, they were one. This is also the feast of both Apostles in the calendar of the Eastern Orthodox Church. In the Roman Rite , the feast of the Chair of Saint Peter is celebrated on 22 February, and the anniversary of the dedication of the two papal basilicas of Saint Peter's and Saint Paul's outside the Walls is held on 18 November. Furthermore, since Jesus presumably spoke to Peter in their native Aramaic language , he would have used kepha in both instances. He was instructed by Christ to strengthen his brethren, i.

Early Catholic Latin and Greek writers such as St. John Chrysostom considered the "foundation rock" as applying to both Peter personally and his confession of faith or the faith of his confession symbolically, as well as seeing Christ's promise to apply more generally to his twelve apostles and the Church at large. Protestant counter-claims to the Catholic interpretation are largely based on the difference between the Greek words translated "Rock" in the Matthean passage.

In popular-level writings, rather than in academic studies, they claim that in classical Attic Greek petros masculine generally meant "pebble", while petra feminine meant "boulder" or "cliff", and accordingly, taking Peter's name to mean "pebble," they argue that the "rock" in question cannot have been Peter, but something else, either Jesus himself, or the faith in Jesus that Peter had just professed. Although Matthew 16 is used as a primary proof-text for the Catholic doctrine of Papal supremacy, some Protestant scholars say that prior to the Reformation of the 16th century, Matthew 16 was very rarely used to support papal claims, despite it being well documented as being used in the 3rd century by Stephen of Rome against Cyprian of Carriage in a "passionate disagreement" about baptism and in the 4th century by Pope Damasus as a claim to primacy as a lesson of the Arian Controversy for stricter discipline and centralized control.

They understand Jesus' remark to have been his affirmation of Peter's testimony that Jesus was the Son of God. Despite this claim, many Fathers saw a connection between Matthew Upon you, he says, I will build my Church; and I will give to you the keys, not to the Church. Other theologically conservative Christians, including Confessional Lutherans , also rebut comments made by Karl Keating and D.

Carson who claim that there is no distinction between the words petros and petra in Koine Greek. The Lutheran theologians further note that:. We honor Peter and in fact some of our churches are named after him, but he was not the first pope, nor was he Roman Catholic. If you read his first letter, you will see that he did not teach a Roman hierarchy, but that all Christians are royal priests. The same keys given to Peter in Matthew 16 are given to the whole church of believers in Matthew Oscar Cullmann , a Lutheran theologian and distinguished Church historian, disagrees with Luther and the Protestant reformers who held that by "rock" Christ did not mean Peter, but meant either himself or the faith of His followers.

He believes the meaning of the original Aramaic is very clear: Yet, Cullmann sharply rejects the Catholic claim that Peter began the papal succession. Cullmann concludes that while Peter was the original head of the apostles, Peter was not the founder of any visible church succession.

There are other Protestant scholars who also partially defend the historical Catholic position about "Rock. Moreover, even in Attic Greek, in which the regular meaning of petros was a smallish "stone," there are instances of its use to refer to larger rocks, as in Sophocles , Oedipus at Colonus v. In Greek, of any period, the feminine noun petra could not be used as the given name of a male, which may explain the use of Petros as the Greek word with which to translate Aramaic Kepha. Yet, still other Protestant scholars believe that Jesus in fact did mean to single out Peter as the very rock which he will build upon, but that the passage does nothing to indicate a continued succession of Peter's implied position.

They assert that Matthew uses the demonstrative pronoun taute , which allegedly means "this very" or this same , when he refers to the rock on which Jesus' church will be built. He also uses the Greek word for "and", kai. It is alleged that when a demonstrative pronoun is used with kai , the pronoun refers back to the preceding noun. The second rock Jesus refers to must then be the same rock as the first one; and if Peter is the first rock he must also be the second. Unlike Oscar Cullmann, Confessional Lutherans and many other Protestant apologists agree that it's meaningless to elaborate the meaning of Rock by looking at the Aramaic language, this is true that the Jews spoke mostly Aramaic at home, however in public they usually spoke Greek.

The few Aramaic words spoken by Jesus in public were unusual and that is why they are noted as such. Lutheran historians even report that the Catholic church itself didn't, at least unanimously, regard Peter as the Rock until the s:. This Creed binds Rome to explain the Scriptures only according to the unanimous consent of the Fathers. In the year when the Fathers gathered and the pope declared his infallibility, the cardinals were not in agreement on Matthew 16, They had five different interpretations. Seventeen insisted, Peter is the rock.

Sixteen held that Christ is the rock. Eight were emphatic that the whole apostolic college is the rock. Forty-four said, Peter's faith is the rock, The remainder looked upon the whole body of believers as the rock. Another title used for Peter is Coryphaeus , which could be translated as "Choir-director", or lead singer.

The New Testament is not seen by the Orthodox as supporting any extraordinary authority for Peter with regard to faith or morals. The Orthodox also hold that Peter did not act as leader at the Council of Jerusalem , but as merely one of a number who spoke. The final decision regarding the non-necessity of circumcision and certain prohibitions was spelled out by James, the Brother of the Lord though Catholics hold James merely reiterated and fleshed out what Peter had said, regarding the latter's earlier divine revelation regarding the inclusion of Gentiles.

Peter but the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople sends a delegation each year to Rome to participate in the celebration of the feast of Sts. In the Ravenna Document of 13 October , the representatives of the Eastern Orthodox Church agreed that "Rome, as the Church that 'presides in love' according to the phrase of St. Ignatius of Antioch To the Romans, Prologue , occupied the first place in the taxis , and that the bishop of Rome was therefore the protos among the patriarchs, if the Papacy unites with the Orthodox Church. They disagree, however, on the interpretation of the historical evidence from this era regarding the prerogatives of the bishop of Rome as protos , a matter that was already understood in different ways in the first millennium.

With regard to Jesus' words to Peter, "Thou art Peter and upon this rock I will build my church", the Orthodox hold Christ is referring to the confession of faith, not the person of Peter as that upon which he will build the church. There are also two feast days in the year which are dedicated to him:. They were fully convinced of the unique office of Peter in the primitive Christian community.

Ephrem , Aphrahat and Maruthas who were supposed to have been the best exponents of the early Syriac tradition unequivocally acknowledge the office of Peter. When Christ gave his own name "Kepha" to Simon he was giving him participation in the person and office of Christ. Christ who is the Kepha and shepherd made Simon the chief shepherd in his place and gave him the very name Kepha and said that on Kepha he would build the Church. Aphrahat shared the common Syriac tradition.

For him Kepha is in fact another name of Jesus, and Simon was given the right to share the name. The person who receives somebody else's name also obtains the rights of the person who bestows the name. Aphrahat makes the stone taken from Jordan a type of Peter. Again he wrote in his commentary on Deuteronomy that Moses brought forth water from "rock" Kepha for the people and Jesus sent Simon Kepha to carry his teachings among nations.

God accepted him and made him the foundation of the Church and called him Kepha. When he speaks about the transfiguration of Christ he calls him Simon Peter , the foundation of the Church. Ephrem also shared the same view. In the Armenian version of De Virginitate records that Peter the rock shunned honour. Both Aphrahat and Ephrem represent the authentic tradition of the Syrian Church. The different orders of liturgies used for sanctification of Church buildings, marriage, ordination etcetera, reveal that the primacy of Peter is a part of living faith of the Church. While Mormons accept apostolic succession from Peter, they reject papal successors as illegitimate.

In interpreting Matthew McConkie stated, "The things of God are known only by the power of his Spirit," [] and "that which the world calls Mormonism is based upon the rock of revelation. Pure, perfect, personal revelation—this is the rock! Muslims consider Jesus a prophet of God. The Qur'an also speaks of Jesus's disciples but does not mention their names, instead referring to them as "helpers to the prophet of God ".

Shia Muslims see a parallel in the figure of Peter to Ali at Muhammad 's time. They look upon Ali as being the vicegerent , with Muhammad being the prophet ; likewise, they see Peter as the vicegerent , behind Jesus the prophet and Masih. Peter's role as the first proper leader of the church is also seen by Shias to be a parallel to their belief in Ali as the first caliph after Muhammad. Whenever he decided to go fishing, he would tie up his weekly food into seven parcels, and every day he would eat one of them, and when he had reached the seventh, he would know that the Sabbath had arrived, and thereupon would observe it.

Traditionally, two canonical epistles 1 and 2 Peter and several apocryphal works have been attributed to Peter. The New Testament includes two letters epistles ascribed to Peter. Both demonstrate a high quality of cultured and urban Greek, at odds with the linguistic skill that would ordinarily be expected of an Aramaic -speaking fisherman, who would have learned Greek as a second or third language.

The textual features of these two epistles are such that a majority of scholars doubt that they were written by the same hand. Wallace who maintains that Peter was the author writes that, for many scholars, "the issue of authorship is already settled, at least negatively: However, he later states, "Although a very strong case has been made against Petrine authorship of 2 Peter, we believe it is deficient Taken together, these external and internal arguments strongly suggest the traditional view, viz.

Of the two epistles, the first epistle is considered the earlier. A number of scholars have argued that the textual discrepancies with what would be expected of the biblical Peter are due to it having been written with the help of a secretary or as an amanuensis.

The two Epistles attributed to St. Peter differ in style, character, and the construction of the words, which proves that according to the exigencies of the moment St. Peter made use of different interpreters Epistle — To Hedibia []. Some have seen a reference to the use of a secretary in the sentence: Ehrman in his book Forged states that "scholars now widely recognize that when the author indicates that he wrote the book 'through Silvanus', he is indicating not the name of his secretary, but the person who was carrying his letter to the recipients. The Roman historian Tacitus and the biographer Suetonius do both record that Nero persecuted Christians, and Tacitus dates this to immediately after the fire that burned Rome in Christian tradition, for example Eusebius of Caesarea History book 2, Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, to God's elect, strangers in the world, scattered throughout Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia and Bithynia, who have been chosen according to the foreknowledge of God the Father, through the sanctifying work of the Spirit, for obedience to Jesus Christ and sprinkling by his blood: Grace and peace be yours in abundance.

Those scholars who believe that the epistle dates from the time of Domitian argue that Nero's persecution of Christians was confined to the city of Rome itself, and did not extend to the Asian provinces mentioned in 1 Pet 1: The Second Epistle of Peter , on the other hand, appears to have been copied, in part, from the Epistle of Jude , and some modern scholars date its composition as late as c.

Some scholars argue the opposite, that the Epistle of Jude copied Second Peter, while others contend an early date for Jude and thus observe that an early date is not incompatible with the text. Second Peter may be earlier than , there are a few possible references to it that date back to the 1st century or early 2nd century, e.

AD 96, and the later church historian Eusebius wrote that Origen had made reference to the epistle before Jerome says that Peter "wrote two epistles which are called Catholic, the second of which, on account of its difference from the first in style, is considered by many not to be by him". De Viris Illustribus 1 [] But he himself received the epistle, and explained the difference in style and character and structure of words by the assumption that Peter used different interpreters in the composition of the two epistles; [] and from his time onward the epistle was generally regarded as a part of the New Testament.

Even in early times there was controversy over its authorship, and Second Peter was often not included in the biblical canon ; it was only in the 4th century that it gained a firm foothold in the New Testament, in a series of synods. In the east the Syriac Orthodox Church still did not admit it into the canon until the 6th century.

Traditionally, the Gospel of Mark was said to have been written by a person named John Mark , and that this person was an assistant to Peter, hence its content was traditionally seen as the closest to Peter's viewpoint. Mark having become the interpreter of Peter, wrote down accurately whatsoever he remembered. It was not, however, in exact order that he related the sayings or deeds of Christ. For he neither heard the Lord nor accompanied Him. But afterwards, as I said, he accompanied Peter, who accommodated his instructions to the necessities [of his hearers], but with no intention of giving a normal or chronological narrative of the Lord's sayings.

Wherefore Mark made no mistake in thus writing some things as he remembered them. For of one thing he took especial care, not to omit anything he had heard, and not to put anything fictional into the statements []. Clement of Alexandria in the fragments of his work Hypotyposes A.

Chronicle Series - Deaths

As Peter had preached the Word publicly at Rome, and declared the Gospel by the Spirit, many who were present requested that Mark , who had followed him for a long time and remembered his sayings, should write them out. And having composed the Gospel he gave it to those who had requested it. After their Peter and Paul's passing, Mark also, the disciple and interpreter of Peter, transmitted to us in writing the things preached by Peter.

Based on these quotes, and on the Christian tradition, the information in Mark's gospel about Peter would be based on eyewitness material. There are also a number of other apocryphal writings, that have been either attributed to or written about Peter. Two sayings are attributed to Peter in the gnostic Gospel of Thomas.

In the first, Peter compares Jesus to a "just messenger.


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He says to the other disciples, "Did He really speak privately with a woman and not openly to us? Are we to turn about and all listen to her? Did He prefer her to us? In the Fayyum Fragment , which dates to the end of the 3rd century, Jesus predicts that Peter will deny him three times before a cock crows on the following morning. The account is similar to that of the canonical gospels, especially the Gospel of Mark.

It is unclear whether the fragment is an abridged version of the accounts in the synoptic gospels , or a source text on which they were based, perhaps the apocryphal Gospel of Peter. The fragmentary Gospel of Peter contains an account of the death of Jesus differing significantly from the canonical gospels. It contains little information about Peter himself, except that after the discovery of the empty tomb , "I, Simon Peter, and Andrew my brother, took our fishing nets and went to the sea.

The earliest portrait of Peter dates back to the 4th century and was located in He thus contrasts with Paul the Apostle who is bald except at the sides, with a longer beard and often black hair, and thinner in the face. One exception to this is in Anglo-Saxon art , where he typically lacks a beard. By the 15th century Peter is more likely to be bald on the top of his head in the Western church, but he continues to have a good head of hair in Orthodox icons. The depiction of Saint Peter as literally the keeper of the gates of heaven, popular with modern cartoonists, is not found in traditional religious art, but Peter usually heads groups of saints flanking God in heaven, on the right hand side viewer's left of God.

Narrative images of Peter include several scenes from the Life of Christ where he is mentioned in the gospels, and he is often identifiable in scenes where his presence is not specifically mentioned.

Simon Magus

Usually he stands nearest to Christ. In particular, depictions of the Arrest of Christ usually include Peter cutting off the ear of one of the soldiers. Scenes without Jesus include his distinctive martyrdom, his rescue from prison, and sometimes his trial. In the Counter-Reformation scenes of Peter hearing the cock crow for the third time became popular, as a representation of repentance and hence the Catholic sacrament of Confession or Repentance. Many Protestant scholars accept the traditional story of Peter's martyrdom in Rome.

Some Protestants, however, have rejected Peter's martyrdom as a later invention, arguing that evidence of Peter exists only in biblical accounts. It has also been suggested that there was a serious division between Peter's Jewish Christian party and Paul's Hellenizing party, seen in e. Another revisionist view was developed by supporters of the Christ myth theory , which holds that the figure of Peter is largely a development from some mythological doorkeeper figures. According to Arthur Drews and G.

Wells , if there was a historical Peter, then all that is known about him is the brief mentions in Galatians. The Release of St. Peter by Bernardo Strozzi , The Miraculous Draught of Fishes , by Raphael , Fresco by Pietro Perugino in the Sistine Chapel. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Saint Peter disambiguation. Primacy of Simon Peter and Papal primacy. Feast of Saints Peter and Paul. Authorship of the Petrine epistles.

Retrieved 12 April Peter, Prince of the Apostles". Apocalyptic and Accommodation" on YouTube. Accessed July 22, Edward Siecienski, The Papacy and the Orthodox: Collins, Accompanied by a Believing Wife: Retrieved 10 February Linguistic key to the Greek New Testament. Ignatius Zakka I Iwas". Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, Finland. James the Just, the brother of Jesus, is known from the New Testament as the chief apostle of the Torah-obedient Christians.

Acts 1 - New Revised Standard Version". Acts 5 - New Revised Standard Version". Acts 3 - New Revised Standard Version". Acts 9 - New Revised Standard Version". Acts 10 - New Revised Standard Version". Understanding the Bible 8th ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Archived from the original on 20 July This evidence is accepted by M. Retrieved 1 June Retrieved 5 June Archived from the original on 7 December Retrieved 9 November After all, if the papacy exists, it was established by Christ during his lifetime, long before Peter is said to have reached Rome.

There must have been a period of some years in which the papacy did not yet have its connection to Rome. New Testament Cradles of Christianity. As for Peter, we have no knowledge at all of when he came to Rome and what he did there before he was martyred. Certainly he was not the original missionary who brought Christianity to Rome and therefore not the founder of the church of Rome in that sense.

There is no serious proof that he was the bishop or local ecclesiastical officer of the Roman church—a claim not made till the third century. Most likely he did not spend any major time at Rome before 58 when Paul wrote to the Romans, and so it may have been only in the 60s and relatively shortly before his martyrdom that Peter came to the capital. Disciple, Apostle, Martyr, 2nd ed. In the New Testament [Jerusalem] is the only church of which we hear that Peter stood at its head. Of other episcopates of Peter we know nothing certain. Concerning Antioch, indeed… there is a tradition, first appearing in the course of the second century, according to which Peter was its bishop.

The assertion that he was Bishop of Rome we first find at a much later time. From the second half of the second century we do possess texts that mention the apostolic foundation of Rome, and at this time, which is indeed rather late, this foundation is traced back to Peter and Paul, an assertion that cannot be supported historically. Even here, however, nothing is said as yet of an episcopal office of Peter. The Early Church, rev. No doubt Peter's presence in Rome in the sixties must indicate a concern for Gentile Christianity, but we have no information whatever about his activity or the length of his stay there.

That he was in Rome for twenty-five years is third-century legend. Nothing, however, is known of their constitutional roles, least of all Peter's as presumed leader of the community. A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary , p. Due literarischen Zeugnisse , 2nd edition. Petrus und Paulus in Jerusalem und Rom. Vom Neuen Testament zu den apokryphen Apostelakten. Walter de Gruyter, Peter ever been in Rome?

Accessed 31 August V, Fragments of Caius" — via Wikisource. Retrieved 15 August Chronology, Mission Strategy, Theology Wm. How happy is its church, on which apostles poured forth all their doctrine along with their blood; where Peter endures a passion like his Lord's; where Paul wins his crown in a death like John's[the Baptist]; where the Apostle John was first plunged, unhurt, into boiling oil, and thence remitted to his island-exile.

Retrieved 6 June Retrieved 3 June The Vatican Video in English and Italian. Vatican City, Rome, Italy: Event occurs at 94 minutes. Wells Gardner and Darton. The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Book III, Chapter 29". Resseguie , Revelation unsealed: Conway, Introduction to the Bible: Price Religions of Rome: A history , David M. Rhoads, From every people and nation: New International biblical commentary: A handbook on the Revelation to John.

UBS handbook series; Helps for translators The Book of Revelation. The Apocalypse of John. MacMillan, ; reprinted, Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers, International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 4 June John xxi 11 Jun. The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary. The Acts of Andrew was edited and published by Constantin von Tischendorf in the Acta Apostolorum apocrypha Leipzig , , putting it for the first time into the hands of a critical professional readership. There are also numerous smaller reliquaries throughout the world.

Andrew's remains were preserved at Patras. According to one legend, Saint Regulus Rule was a monk at Patras, who was advised in a dream to hide some of the bones. Shortly thereafter, most of the relics were translated from Patras to Constantinople by order of the Roman emperor Constantius II around and deposited in the Church of the Holy Apostles. Regulus was said to have had a second dream in which an angel advised him to take the hidden relics "to the ends of the earth" for protection. Wherever he was shipwrecked, he was to build a shrine for them.

Rule set sail, taking with him a kneecap, an upper arm bone, three fingers and a tooth. He sailed west, towards the edge of the known world, and was shipwrecked on the coast of Fife, Scotland. However, the relics were probably brought to Britain in as part of the Augustine Mission , and then in to Fife, by Bishop Acca of Hexham , a well-known collector of religious relics. The skull of Saint Andrew, which had been taken to Constantinople, was returned to Patras by Emperor Basil I , who ruled from to In , following the sack of Constantinople , those relics of Saint Andrew and Saint Peter which remained in the imperial city were taken to Amalfi , Italy , [17] by Cardinal Peter of Capua , a native of Amalfi.

A cathedral Duomo , was built, dedicated to Saint Andrew as is the town itself , to house a tomb in its crypt where it is maintained that most of the relics of the apostle, including an occipital bone, remain. Thomas ruled the province of Morea , the medieval name for the Peloponnese. In , when the Ottomans crossed the Strait of Corinth, Palaeologus fled Patras for exile in Italy, bringing with him what was purported to be the skull of Saint Andrew.

Peter's Basilica in the Vatican. Cardinal Augustin Bea along with many other cardinals presented the skull to Bishop Constantine of Patras on 24 September Victor in Marseilles [21] until it returned to Patras on 19 January All the relics, which consist of the small finger, the skull part of the top of the cranium of Saint Andrew , and the cross on which he was martyred , have been kept in the Church of St. Andrew at Patras in a special shrine and are revered in a special ceremony every 30 November, his feast day.

The church tradition of Georgia regards Saint Andrew as the first preacher of Christianity in the territory of Georgia and as the founder of the Georgian church. This tradition was apparently derived from the Byzantine sources, particularly Nicetas of Paphlagonia died c. The thesis was made canonical by the Georgian church council in The former date, dedicated to Saint Andrew's arrival in Georgia, is a public holiday in Georgia.

Cypriot tradition holds that a ship which was transporting Saint Andrew went off course and ran aground. Upon coming ashore, Andrew struck the rocks with his staff at which point a spring of healing waters gushed forth. Using it, the sight of the ship's captain, who had been blind in one eye, was restored. Thereafter, the site became a place of pilgrimage and a fortified monastery stood there in the 12th century, from which Isaac Comnenus negotiated his surrender to Richard the Lionheart.


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In the 15th century, a small chapel was built close to the shore. The main monastery of the current church dates to the 18th century. Other pilgrimages are more recent. The story is told that in , the son of a Maria Georgiou was kidnapped. Seventeen years later, Saint Andrew appeared to her in a dream, telling her to pray for her son's return at the monastery. Living in Anatolia, she embarked on the crossing to Cyprus on a very crowded boat. As she was telling her story during the journey, one of the passengers, a young Dervish priest, became more and more interested.

Asking if her son had any distinguishing marks, he stripped off his clothes to reveal the same marks and mother and son were thus reunited. Apostolos Andreas Monastery Greek: The monastery is an important site to the Cypriot Orthodox Church. It was once known as 'the Lourdes of Cyprus', served not by an organized community of monks but by a changing group of volunteer priests and laymen. Both Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities consider the monastery a holy place. As such, it is visited by many people for votive prayers. The first reference regards the small chapel at Luqa dedicated to Andrew dates to This chapel contained three altars, one of them dedicated to Andrew.

At one time, many fishermen lived in the village of Luqa, and this may be the main reason for choosing Andrew as patron saint. The statue of Andrew was sculpted in wood by Giuseppe Scolaro in This statue underwent several restoration works including that of performed by the Maltese artist Abraham Gatt.

Such a tradition was however not widely acknowledged until the 20th century. According to Hippolyte of Antioch, died c. According to some modern Romanian scholars, the idea of early Christianisation is unsustainable.

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They take the idea to be a part of an ideology of protochronism which purports that the Orthodox Church has been a companion and defender of the Romanian people for its entire history, which was then used for propaganda purposes during the communist era, [27] although this is disputed. Tradition regarding the early Christian history of Ukraine holds that the apostle Andrew preached on the southern borders of modern-day Ukraine , along the Black Sea.

Legend has it that he travelled up the Dnieper River and reached the future location of Kiev , where he erected a cross on the site where the Saint Andrew's Church of Kiev currently stands, and where he prophesied the foundation of a great Christian city. Ukraine and Russia , the latter country using the Saint Andrew's Cross on its naval ensign. The third East Slavic nation, Belarus , however, reveres Euphrosyne of Polotsk , a local saint, as its patron instead.


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The oldest surviving manuscripts are two: The only historical Regulus Riagail or Rule whose name is preserved in the tower of St Rule was an Irish monk expelled from Ireland with Saint Columba ; his dates, however, are c. There are good reasons for supposing that the relics were originally in the collection of Acca, bishop of Hexham , who took them into Pictish country when he was driven from Hexham c. On the morning of battle white clouds forming an X shape in the sky were said to have appeared. The white saltire set against a celestial blue background is said to have been adopted as the design of the flag of Scotland on the basis of this legend.

Andrew's connection with Scotland may have been reinforced following the Synod of Whitby , when the Celtic Church felt that Columba had been "outranked" by Peter and that Peter's brother would make a higher ranking patron. Numerous parish churches in the Church of Scotland and congregations of other Christian churches in Scotland are named after Andrew. A local superstition uses the cross of Saint Andrew as a hex sign on the fireplaces in northern England and Scotland to prevent witches from flying down the chimney and entering the house to do mischief.

By placing the Saint Andrew's cross on one of the fireplace posts or lintels , witches are prevented from entering through this opening. In this case, it is similar to the use of a witch ball , although the cross will actively prevent witches from entering, and the witch ball will passively delay or entice the witch, and perhaps entrap it. A form of St. Andrew's cross called the Cross of Bourgogne was used as the flag of the Duchy of Burgundy, and after the Duchy was acquired by Spain, by the Spanish Crown, and later as a Spanish naval flag and finally as an army battle flag up until Today, it is still a part of various Spanish military insignia and makes part of the Coat of Arms of the king of Spain as it did with General Franco.

In Spain , Saint Andrew is the patron of several locations: In the Western Esoteric tradition , Andrew is associated with the astrological sign of Virgo. Andrew is the patron saint of several countries and cities including: He was also the patron saint of Prussia and of the Order of the Golden Fleece.