New England hurricane - Wikipedia
The western periphery of the hurricane brought heavy rain and gusty winds to Delaware and southeastern Maryland. As the hurricane was transitioning into an extratropical cyclone , it tracked into southern Quebec. By the time the system initially crossed into Canada, it continued to produce heavy rain and very strong winds, but interaction with land had taken its toll. Nevertheless, the hurricane managed to blow down numerous trees throughout the region. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
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Retrieved February 9, Archived from the original on January 2, Retrieved November 30, Winds on the right side of a hurricane relative to the direction of the storm itself are moving in the same general direction as the hurricane. Therefore, the forward motion increases the observed wind speed for points to the right of the eye of the hurricane and decreases the observed wind speed for points to the left of the eye.
This occurs in a complex way that defies crude addition or subtraction of the forward motion from the intrinsic wind speed of the hurricane. The Great new England Hurricane of The Long Island Express Part 2. Retrieved August 20, The Long Island Express Part 3. Retrieved November 28, Home and Garden, Hampton. Retrieved May 19, Abyss from the Indies".
Retrieved February 9, — via content. The Hurricane of '38 - PBS". Retrieved October 11, Retrieved April 10, Retrieved September 8, Retrieved September 19, Natural disasters in Vermont — At nature's mercy: Vermonters prove their mettle through floods, flu, and blizzards". The Burlington Free Press. Retrieved August 19, Archived from the original on September 4, Retrieved May 20, Archived from the original on October 2, Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes. Carol Janet Carla Hattie Beulah Camille Edith Anita David Allen Gilbert Hugo Andrew Mitch Matthew Irma Maria Book Category Tropical cyclones portal.
Tropical cyclones of the Atlantic hurricane season. Retrieved from " https: Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from September All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May Articles with unsourced statements from November Commons category link is on Wikidata. Views Read Edit View history. In other projects Wikimedia Commons. This page was last edited on 9 October , at By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.
Extratropical after September Part of the Atlantic hurricane season. Wikimedia Commons has media related to New England Hurricane of Yet the size of Ike's wind field generated a foot storm surge that wiped out most structures on the Bolivar Peninsula of Texas. Well before the modern age of satellites, television, and instant communication, a storm surge of up to 15 feet, with battering waves, claimed most of the 8, to 12, lives lost in the Galveston, Texas hurricane , the nation's deadliest. To more clearly communicate the threat from storm surge, the National Hurricane Center will prepare experimental storm surge inundation maps when a hurricane or tropical storm is near landfall.
These maps will identify how deep the storm surge inundation may be above ground level in a worst-case scenario based on the forecast track, intensity and wind field. Before a hurricane threatens, find out if you live in an evacuation zone. Knowing this — and heeding evacuation orders from local emergency managers — could save your life and those of your family members. Hurricane Irene in may be one of the most forgotten U. There was surge flooding along the coast from the Outer Banks of North Carolina to southern New England, but this storm wasn't just a coastal danger.
Now consider a system that wasn't officially a depression anymore when it inflicted its havoc. Tropical Storm Allison in June soaked the Houston metro area as it made landfall, then dropped a massive second delugewhen its remnants moved south back over the Texas coast a few days later. Up to 37 inches of rain swamped parts of America's fourth largest city. Twenty-seven of those died from rainfall flooding.
Hurricane Agnes in was barely so at landfall, Category 1 at its Florida panhandle landfall. When you get down to the bottom, this interval here, and there's really big bits of shell and coral fragments in there. Washing and sieving the sample reveals larger pieces of coral mixed up in the sand. It's quite coarse, compared to the rest of the core, but this was all that material that was ripped up and washed into this basin.
To Jeff, the coarseness of the sediments is clear evidence of powerful waves, most likely driven by a major hurricane, striking here sometime in the past. You'd have to have a quite a high energy event to be moving this kind of sediment from the barrier reef into that blue hole. By retrieving organic materials washed in with the storm, like twigs and leaves that contain carbon, Jeff is able to radiocarbon date these coarser layers.
It'll take months to know for sure when this hurricane struck, but he's dated layers from cores taken from sites all across the Caribbean. So, this is a piece of a sediment core that we took in the Bahamas. This particular section dates to the 18th Century. See these light bands here, here and here are these hurricane event beds. They're much coarser than the sediment around them. You can really feel the grit between your fingers. And he's finding that the most recent layers exactly match up with the dates of modern hurricanes. When you start coming into it, you know, with a healthy level of skepticism, when all the storms you expect to find end up being there….
That gives him confidence that his technique is valid. And now he's finding evidence of hurricanes long before historic records began. At present, we've been able to go back about 2, years at most sites. Every time we find a layer that dates to before , A. By plotting the dates of major hurricanes, back 1, years into the past, Jeff sees a pattern emerge. For the first years, during the height of Maya civilization and as the Vikings were colonizing Greenland, it appears powerful hurricanes were more frequent than today. Not necessarily any more intense than the ones we've experienced today, they just occurred much more frequently.
Then, over the next years, during the Renaissance in Europe, and as European settlers were arriving in the Americas, the record shows a marked decrease. The Great Hurricane of falls in the period where there appear to have been far fewer major hurricanes, making it even more unusual. So, what caused this decline in hurricane activity beginning about years ago?
Jeff suspects it might be partly due to trends in sea surface temperature. And it turns out there's a way to recover ocean temperature data from the remains of tiny animals. We can find out about sea surface temperatures in the past by looking at these fossil corals. Corals build up giant colonies that can last for thousands of years. Cores, drilled out from deep inside their structures, reveal layers of growth. These corals grow almost like trees.
So, each year, it puts on a new band of growth, and you can actually count back in time. While forming their skeletons, corals absorb oxygen from the seawater. Oxygen comes in two forms: By measuring the ratio of these two forms of oxygen in the layers of a coral skeleton, scientists can calculate relative ocean temperatures over many thousands of years. Using corals to reconstruct sea surface temperatures is really precise. We're able to reconstruct it right down to the year.
Plotting sea surface temperature for the Caribbean over the last 1, years also reveals a trend: The results match known historical and scientific records that chart a changing climate, from an era known today as the "Medieval Warm Period," to a cooler period known as the "Little Ice Age.
There are a whole variety of factors that can influence tropical cyclone activity or hurricane activity, but it's clear that there is this interaction between sea surface temperatures and hurricanes. Well, the more energy available to power a storm, it makes sense that the storms are going to potentially get stronger. But these findings present a puzzle. It appears, at first flush, to be quite an anomaly that this season, and actually that a couple of decades around it, are actually one of the most active intervals. But as Jeff looked more closely at the sea surface temperatures, he was able to detect a brief but noticeable spike in the decades around And cool temperatures in the atmosphere above with warm ocean water below is a known ingredient for hurricane formation.
And whenever you have two bodies of very different temperatures, you can create a lot of energy that way. So, that might explain why, in the middle of the Little Ice Age, we see, you know, an increase in hurricane activity. Jeff's work linking hurricane events to ocean temperatures could provide an explanation for the intensity of the hurricane. And this research could sound a warning for our future, because modern data reveals that the sea surface temperature of the Atlantic is now higher than it was a thousand years ago and is still rising.
We're actually warmer than any point of the last millennium, you know, a fraction of a degree at this stage, but the projections are that that's going to continue. Not only is it warmer, but it's increasing faster, at a faster rate than we've seen over the entire record. We're likely to go back into one of those sort of intervals where we're getting lots more intense hurricane strikes.
The temperature of our oceans is warming; greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide, generated by burning fossil fuels, are building up in our atmosphere. These insulate our planet, holding in more of the sun's heat, causing the oceans to warm more quickly than we've detected in the past. The problem, right now, is that the rate at which we're pushing the climate system is very fast compared to anything that's happened in a very, very long time.
Whether this warming climate means there will be more Atlantic hurricanes is still an open question. But there is a growing agreement that the hurricanes that do hit will be stronger. There is a pretty strong consensus that as the planet continues to warm, we're going to see a greater incidence of the high category hurricanes in most places. We believe that there should be more intense storms. Perhaps not as many of them are happening, but when they do, they'll be stronger. Amy Frappier, who studies ancient climates, has found an ingenious way to look into the past for answers.
Compared to the last four centuries, she's finding that Atlantic hurricanes are on the move, likely heading towards the big coastal cities of the eastern United States.
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The evidence comes not from beneath the waves, but from caves under the ground. Locked inside stalagmites, like these, are the chemical traces of hurricanes from thousands of years ago. So, here's a stalagmite that we collected from Belize, where we know hurricanes have been part of the weather.
88 Percent of U.S. Deaths From Hurricanes, Tropical Storms Are From Water, Not Wind
Rainwater that seeps through the ground above a cave dissolves minerals from the surrounding rock. Then, as it falls, drop by drop, from the ceiling, it leaves a little bit of this mineral behind and a chemical signature of the rainwater itself. This forms stalagmites that, over the years, grow upwards from the cave floor. Back in her lab, Amy slices stalagmites open and polishes the surfaces. This reveals a series of distinct layers. You can see that there's this whole history in here about what's happened over time.
In this one, it's got lots of different changes in color and texture as we go from the older part to the younger part at the top. Hunting for the chemical traces of a hurricane in these layers is possible, because rain from hurricanes is chemically different from rain during ordinary storms; again a result thanks to the difference between oxygen and oxygen, which has two extra neutrons in its nucleus.
In an ordinary storm, raindrops evaporate slightly as they fall. The lighter oxygen evaporates more readily, changing the proportions in rain hitting the ground. But in a hurricane, the air is so humid that there is very little evaporation. This means that in hurricane rain there's more oxygen than in weaker, short-lived rainstorms. Whenever we see that light oxygen signature, we know that that is a fingerprint for a past hurricane. To find this chemical signature, Amy isolates individual layers in the polished stalagmite, then drills out a minute sample as dust. A mass spectrometer can read out the chemical traces locked inside the dust, and it reveals which layers are richer in light oxygen, the signature of hurricane rain.
The results are so accurate, they allow Amy to tell if a hurricane has hit in any given year, thousands of years in the past.
Watch: NOAA Satellite Shows What Hurricane Season Looked Like This Year
The level of detail is just unprecedented. We can see the difference between years with a storm strike in Belize and years without a storm strike in Belize. With data from caves across the Caribbean, the evidence suggests that the paths of Atlantic hurricanes appear to be changing over time. We're starting to be able to have enough data that we can see, not only overall patterns of storm activity, but also changes in storm tracks. Over a year period, the average track of hurricanes has been moving ever closer to the continental United States.
Four-hundred years ago, the storm strikes were clustered in the western Caribbean, around Central America, and now the storm strikes seem to be happening much more frequently around the U. It's a trend that Amy is still exploring, but based on satellite data, Kerry Emanuel has come to a similar conclusion. We've discovered that, over the last 35 years, the latitude at which tropical cyclones reach their peak intensity has been shifting away from the Equator, at a rate of about 35 miles per decade. What we see, when we look at global warming, is that the fastest warming is occurring in the Arctic.
Hurricanes like warm waters, and so they're shifting toward the poles. In just 30 years, that's over miles closer to densely populated areas of the United States, along the Eastern seaboard. The last major storm to hit the northeast coast was megastorm Sandy, in October Though most of the Atlantic gets colder as you move north, Sandy feeds off a ribbon of warm water that keeps it alive, the Gulf Stream.
This is a circulating current that pumps warm water from the Gulf of Mexico, up and across the Atlantic. By the time Sandy strikes, on October 29th, it's been downgraded from a Category 2 hurricane to a Category 1 storm. But as Sandy combines with another North Atlantic storm system, it hits with catastrophic impact.
A foot storm surge races into New York City, flooding streets, tunnels and subways, and shorting out electrical transmission lines. It's just complete devastation. And, you know, my parents have lived here for 40 years, and it's unbelievable. Superstorm Sandy was massively large and hit a densely populated area. Its powerful storm surge did most of the damage, but its winds were not especially strong. I think many people would be surprised to know that Hurricane Sandy, at the time it was impacting New York and New Jersey, was not considered a major hurricane.
Imagine if it had been a Category 3 or higher. It has happened before. The strongest recorded hurricane to strike this coast hit nearly years ago. It is known in historical records as the Norfolk, Long Island hurricane, and is now thought to have come ashore as a Category 4 storm, far more intense and extensive than Sandy. Imagine a Category 4 storm impacting New York: Cities such as New York need to be prepared for this type of threat. Many factors can affect hurricane formation, but as the climate warms, the threat of major hurricanes heading up from the Caribbean, impacting the southern states and striking the northeast coast is one that climate scientists are taking seriously.
And they're highlighting a less well-known danger of global warming, one that will make hurricanes even more destructive. Warmer oceans cause water volume to expand; at the same time, glaciers are melting: If you look at some of the more recent data, not only is it rising in more recent decades, it's rising at a faster rate.
Killer Hurricanes
The best guess now is that if we don't curb emissions we'll be up a meter, or three feet, by the end of the century. When that storm surge rides up on top of higher sea levels, then it causes a lot more destruction. With all of this infrastructure very close to sea level, we're much more vulnerable to much smaller changes. To better understand our future, scientists are looking into the past, and what they're finding leads some to predict that a hurricane as deadly as the Great Storm of , with its huge storm surges, will likely strike again.
We're going to see another hurricane like the Great Hurricane of again on our shores, and it's going to hit land at full intensity. It's happened once before, so there's no reason to not expect it to happen again.