The reason for this is unclear, but in the early days it may have been the ongoing pressure of the Second Punic War. By about BC the exact date is unclear the denarius was retariffed to 16 asses , indicated by XVI on the obverse of the denarius. This appears first on the coinage marked L. The re-tariffing is thought to have been a recognition of a relationship that had developed because of decreased as weights, both due to wear of old asses and to decreasing mint weights of newer ones.
This meant that the quinarius was worth eight asses , and the sestertius four asses. The new denarius-to- as ratio lasted for hundreds of years. At about the same time the unit of account changed from asses to sestertii HS. This may well be an indicator of inflation. The victoriatus continued to circulate well into the 2nd century BC. Victoriati were later popular in places such as Cisalpine Gaul where they circulated alongside drachmae of Massalia Marseille. The gold 60, 40, and 20 as coins were only minted for only a few years; gold in general appears to have been used at first only as an emergency coinage.
Sulla's coinage is commonly considered the first for which the name denarius aureus was used. Aureii were minted in large numbers by Julius Caesar in preparation for a proposed war against Parthia and issuing of the aureus continued to increase after the fall of the republic. Eventually a new reverse appeared, first Luna driving a biga two horse chariot in — BC, and then Victory driving a biga in BC — thought to refer to the final defeat of Perseus of Macedon at the battle of Pydna by Lucius Aemilius Paulus in BC.
Denarii were marked with special symbols such as a star or an anchor from very shortly after their introduction and soon monograms indicating the tresviri monetales mint masters, often called moneyers, that were responsible for the issue were on the coins. In some cases the symbols are "punning". The shell is thought to be a murex shell; this was the source of Tyrian purple in Latin: Families who had already had members in the Senate were more likely to have further family members elected to political office and thus become senators.
This was so much more likely that only a few consular novi homines new men are known to history. Advertising on coins was thus often about the moneyer's family. The seated individual is wearing a cuirass , holding a spear in his left hand and an apex , the characteristic hat worn by the flamines , in his right. This is taken to refer to Q. Fabius Pictor probably the son of Quintus Fabius Pictor the annalist who was elected praetor in BC and assigned the province of Sardinia by lot Livy He was also the flamen Quirinalis and because of this, P.
Licinius Crassus, the pontifex maximus of the day did not allow him to take the Sardinian office because of various taboos surrounding the flamen's person, and the need for the flamen to perform certain rites in Rome Livy Fabius Pictor remained in Rome. Over time, the politics of the day became more and more visible in the coinage. In 54 BC, the first triumvirate had control of Rome, and Pompey was its preeminent member. There were rumours that Pompey was to be made dictator. The moneyer, Marcus Junius Brutus , placed on the coin two figures from Roman history that he claimed as ancestors:.
In the face of famine in 57 BC Pompey had been made a special commissioner to control the supply of grain; this included the control of all ports and trading centres for five years. There was earlier bad blood between them; Pompey had put down an earlier insurrection by Marcus Aurelius Lepidus in which Brutus's father had been involved; Pompey had had him executed.
It was the opposition of Cato the Younger , Brutus's half brother on his adopted family's side, to Pompey's requests for land for his veterans of the war against Mithradates that gave Pompey the incentive to be part of the triumvirate. Brutus was clearly making a pointed, uncompromising statement of opposition to Pompey and the triumvirate while praising his ancestors.
To this end, an enormous variety of denarii and aureii were being minted in large numbers. The coin on the right is from January—February 44 BC. The Venus holding Victory and a sceptre on the reverse was a reference to the claim of the gens Julia to descend from Aeneas and thus Anchises and the goddess Venus. This was innocuous to Romans, but the obverse showing Caesar himself wearing the gold laurel wreath that the Senate had voted for him was an enormous departure from tradition and deeply offensive. While the coinage had been used to show ancestors, this is the first time that the head of a living Roman had been displayed on Roman coinage.
It was widely perceived as part of a larger series of moves by Caesar to make himself king — and kings were anathema in Rome ever since the foundation of the republic. The assassination could not revive the republic. On the obverse, Brutus, the "noblest Roman", had placed his own head. The republic survived, by convention more than reality, until Octavian, Caesar's nephew and heir was declared Augustus in 27 BC.
The dates on all the coins mentioned above can not be known with absolute certainty. Sometimes particular coins can be linked to a well defined event in history, e. Much dating of the coinage is based on evidence from coin hoards. The hoarding of coins, especially by burial, was a "banking system" often used in ancient times, particularly in times of crisis; hoarding during the civil war between Caesar and Pompey was so extensive that it resulted in a liquidity crisis. Despite all of this, the evidence remains unclear. In this case, numismatic scholars attempt to make their best estimate of the absolute and relative chronology.
In English, the current standard work is Crawford which built on and superseded the work of Sydenham , Grueber , Babelon , and Mommsen An alternate naming of the coinage of the form "gens " e. This was devised by Babelon and used by Grueber, Sydenham, and many newer books. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Foundation Kingdom overthrow Republic. Retrieved from " https: Coins of ancient Rome Roman Republic Ancient currencies. Views Read Edit View history. In other projects Wikimedia Commons. This page was last edited on 27 May , at Valerius BC 1 P.
Aelius Paetus BC 2 C. Renius BC 17 Cn. Gellius BC 5 Ti. Veturius BC 12 M. Baebius Tampilus BC 18 Sex. Pompeius Fostlus BC 4 Cn. Lucretius Trio BC 8 C. Antestius Gragulus BC 16 C. Curiatius Trigeminus BC 1 M. Marcius BC 13 C. Minucius Augurinus BC 2 Ti. Minucius BC 2 C. Aburius Geminus BC 4 L. Maenius Antiaticus BC 8 M. Aburius Geminus BC 7 M. Fabrinius BC 1 D. Postumius Albinus BC 3 M. Opimius BC 1 L. Opimius BC 3 M. Acilius BC 2 Q. Caecilius Metellus BC 5 M. Vargunteius BC 12 Q. Philippus BC 4 L. Cloelius BC 4 C.
Domitius Ahenobarbus BC 6 Q. Fabius Maximus BC 3 M. Metullus BC 7 C. Servilius Vatia BC 3 N. Fabius Pictor BC 3 T. Quinctius Flamininus BC 2 C. Cassius BC 3 M. Porcius Laeca BC 8 Q. Fabius Labeo BC 12 M. Fannius BC 10 C. Cato BC 3 Q. Minucius Rufus BC 5 M. Papirius Carbo BC 1 C. Plutius BC 5 Cn. Papirius Carbo BC 1 M. Furius BC 14 L. Porcius Licinus BC 1 L. Pomponius BC 2 M. Calidius, Metellus Nepos, Cn. Fulvius BC 11 Q. Curtius BC 1 M. Sergius Silus BC 14 M. Cipius BC 15 Man. Aemilius Lepidus BC 10 C. Fonteius BC 1 L. Manlius Torquatus BC 2 P. Licinius Nerva BC 2 L. Quinctius BC 5 Cn.
Manlius Mancinus, and Q. Urbinus BC 19 C. Claudius Pulcher BC 22 P. Porcius Laeca BC 2 L. Memmius BC 6 L. Flaminius Chilo BC 18 Man. Aquillius BC 6 M. Herennius BC 6 Mn. Fonteius BC 6 L. Sculpicus BC 6 L. Aurelius Cotta BC 2 L. Appuleius Saturninus BC 10 Q. Minucius Thermus BC 14 L. Julius Caesar BC 3 C. Fabius BC 3 L. Cassius Caecianus BC 5 C. Fundanius BC 3 L. Sentius BC 8 M. Lucilius Rufus BC 2 L. Iulius BC 1 L. Vatia BC 2 P. Servilius Rullus BC 12 P. Vettius Sabinus 99 BC 7 T. Cloelius 98 BC 5 L. Pomponius Molo 97 BC 1 C.
Egnatuleius 97 BC 18 C. Malleolus 96 BC 10 L. Albinus 96 BC 6 A.
As (Roman coin) - Wikipedia
Albinus 96 BC 5 C. Allius Bala 92 BC 1 D. Silanus 91 BC 24 C. Vibius 90 BC 23 L. Titius 90 BC 34 M. Cato 89 BC 9 L. Titurius Sabinus 89 BC 22 C. Censorinus 88 BC 6 Cn. Lentulus Clodianus 88 BC 5 L. Memmius Galeria 87 BC 3 L. Rubrius Dossenus 87 BC 24 L. Memmius 87 BC 6 C. Vergilius, Ogulnius 86 BC 9 L. Fonteius 85 BC 13 L. Julius Bursio 85 BC 21 P. Furius Crassipes 84 BC 4 L.
Cornelius Sulla BC 1 C.
- Education in a Free Society.
- The Flailing Pick;
- Funded companies.
Licinius Macer 84 BC 17 Q. Antonius Balbus BC 17 C. Norbanus 83 BC 15 C. Valerius Flaccus 82 BC 5 P. Crepusius 82 BC 32 C. Mamilius Limeatus 82 BC 6 L. Cornelius Sulla Felix, L. Manlius Torquatus 82 BC 1 L. Marcius Censorinus 82 BC 14 C. Fabius Hispaniensis BC 6 C. Marius 81 BC 3 Q. Postumius 81 BC 8 L.
Procilius 80 BC 29 C. Poblicius 80 BC 3 C. Naevius Balbus 79 BC 19 L. Papius 79 BC 8 TI. Claudius Nero 79 BC 6 L. Cassius Longinus 78 BC 5 M. Satrienus 77 BC 2 L. Rustius 76 BC 3 L. Lucretius Trio 76 BC 3 Cn.
Farsuleius Mensor 75 BC 8 Cn. Egnatius Maxsumus 75 BC 4 C. Postumius 74 BC 7 L. Sabula 74 BC 1 P. Aquillius 71 BC 7 M. Sulpicius Galba 69 BC 2 C. Hosidius Geta 68 BC 3 C. Roscius Fabatus 64 BC 6 L. Cassius Longinus 63 BC 4 L. Furius Brocchus 63 BC 9 L. Scribonius Libo 62 BC 10 L.
Roman Republican coinage
Aemilius Lepidus Paullus and L. Plautius Hypsaeus 60 BC 4 M. Nonius Sufenas 59 BC 14 M. Aemilius Scaurus and P. Plautius Hypsaeus 58 BC 11 C. Considius Nonianus 57 BC 2 C. Marcius Philippus 56 B. Cassius Longinus 55 BC 9 P. Fonteius 55 BC 6 P. Crassus 55 BC 2 Cn. Plancius 55 BC 5 A. Plautius 55 BC 1 Q. Caepio Brutus 54 BC 1 M.
Iunius Brutus 54 BC 3 C. Coelius Caldus 51 BC 2 Q. Coponius 49 BC 11 Man. Acilius Glabrio 49 BC 21 C. Porcius Cato BC 8 A. Licinius Nerva 47 BC 2 C. Antius Restio 47 BC 4 L. Plautius Plancus 47 BC 4 T. Carisius 46 BC 19 C. Considius Paetus 46 BC 6 M. Cordius Rufus 46 BC 35 Cn. Pompeius Magnus and M. Papius Celsus 45 BC 3 L. Valerius Acisculus 45 BC 1 L. Aemilius Buca 44 BC 1 C. Caepio Brutus und L. Sestius BC 1 L. Mussidius Longus 42 BC 5 P. Clodius 42 BC 12 C. Vibinius Varus 42 BC 2 L. Chr BC 8 Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus 41 BC 2 C. Berk Henzen Ritter Dr.
Marc Anton , und M. Marc Anton und Octavian Accoleius Lariscolus 43 BC 1. Aelius BC 3. Coelius BC 1. Calpurnius Piso BC 1. Terentius Varro BC 1. Furius Purpurio BC 1. Pinarius Natta BC 2. Atilius Saranus BC 1. Scribonius BC 5. Maianius BC 3. Saufeius BC 4. Sulla BC 2.
Decimius Flavus BC 4.
The beginnings
Afrania BC 5. Junius BC Atilius Saranus BC 3. Sempronius Pitio BC 2. Marcius Libo BC 9. Terentius Lucanus BC 3. Cupiennius BC 4. Antestius BC 2. Junius Silanus BC 8. Aurelius Rufus BC 1. Curiatius Trigeminus BC 4. Iulius BC 3. Valerius BC 1. Aelius Paetus BC 2. Renius BC Gellius BC 5. Veturius BC Baebius Tampilus BC Pompeius Fostlus BC 4. Lucretius Trio BC 8. Antestius Gragulus BC Curiatius Trigeminus BC 1. Marcius BC Minucius Augurinus BC 2. Minucius BC 2. Aburius Geminus BC 4. Publius Calpurnius BC 3. Maenius Antiaticus BC 8. Aburius Geminus BC 7.
Fabrinius BC 1. Postumius Albinus BC 3. Opimius BC 1. Opimius BC 3. Acilius BC 2. Caecilius Metellus BC 5. Vargunteius BC Philippus BC 4. Caecilius Metellus Diadematus BC 2. Cloelius BC 4. Domitius Ahenobarbus BC 6. Fabius Maximus BC 3. Metullus BC 7. Servilius Vatia BC 3. Fabius Pictor BC 3. Quinctius Flamininus BC 2.