Professor McGregor has a Ph. Professor McGregor was made a Commander of the British Empire for her services to diversity and employment. She is also the founder of the Taylor Bennett Foundation, which works to promote diversity in the communications industry. The TCR group delivers on Microsoft's mission of empowering every person and organization on the planet to achieve more by driving the digital transformation and readiness through leadership and innovation of technology in high impact areas of Human Rights, Accessibility, Environmental Sustainability and Broadband Access.
Shelley most recently served as Associate General Counsel, based in Amsterdam, leading the legal and corporate affairs work across Europe. Alba is a serial entrepreneur and investor in global start-ups. She is a Co-founder of Dalia Empower the first vertically integrated ecosystem for the empowerment of women in Latin America. She is a passionate advocate for women and girls, as well as an active member in more than 15 national and international boards. She has held multiple positions in the financial sector, mainly in the area of investment banking.
Engaged in promoting the women entrepreneurship in France and at international level, she launched in with Women Initiative Foundation, the BNP Paribas Women Entrepreneur Program at Stanford that gathered women entrepreneurs worldwide. She started her career at Le Nouvel Obs in Paris where she contributed to the organization of prestigious international forums. A French journalist and director of Ukrainian origin. The film based on interviews in 50 countries will be released in September Katherine has also conducted board assessments in every sector including energy, industrial, consumer, financial services, pharmaceuticals and technology for multinational companies headquartered in 11 European countries and in the U.
Katherine earned her L. She is fluent in English, French and German. Mukai served as the 54th Chair of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses for Outer Space to realize the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. As a medical doctor and the first female astronaut from Asia, Dr. Dorsa regularly negotiates with armed groups to advance the protection of civilians and for access to communities impacted by the ongoing violence.
Previous to South Sudan, Dorsa was head of operations in southern Nigeria, addressing the humanitarian consequences of urban violence. Dorsa's family have experience with refugee ahttps: Carolyn Nguyen is a Director of Technology Policy at Microsoft, focused on policy issues related to artificial intelligence, the digital economy, and internet governance. Her work is aimed at shaping global policy-making by engaging with stakeholders and raising awareness of the role of technology in economic development.
She has worked at the intersection of these disciplines, collaborating with researchers, subject-matter experts and others to encourage evidence-based and more holistic approaches to policy. Mil passionately believes that educating women and girls, and insisting on inclusive leadership models globally, will be the key to addressing climate change. A strong advocate for women rights and economic empowerment, Ms. RB is one of the consumer goods industries great success stories. She is also a Youth, Peace and Security advocate and an Award-Winning Fellow at Women Deliver, where she advocates for the inclusion of migrants, particularly young women, in Europe.
She began her career in at the Treasury Dept. From to , she was responsible for the Insurance Div. A lawyer by training, Alexandra specialized in human rights. She began her career at a law firm and then worked for Amnesty International in Germany. For the next ten years, Alexandra worked at organizations specializing in CSR, diversity, change management and sustainability. Deeply committed to equal opportunities, she is also President of a national association working for educational success as well as the professional integration of young people from lower-income neighbourhoods.
She is also a feminist activist involved in several grassroots organisations in Belgium and coordinates the youth network GenerationAbolition. The WOW festival celebrates women and girls and everything they have achieved, and harnesses all our creativity to find the courage to move beyond our own circles, and to learn how other women face challenges different from our own.
Before then she was the head of the Reuters FX reporting desk in London. She was elected member of the National Assembly in June , re-elected in and Appointed Budget Minister and Government spokesperson in , she helped manage public finances in a challenging post-crisis context. As a Member of Parliament, member of the Finance Commission, she maintained a high level of scrutiny on budgetary matters from June to December Concomitantly, she was also the leader of the opposition group at the Regional assembly of the Greater Paris region. In December , she won the regional elections, putting an end to 17 years of uninterrupted rule by the Socialist Party.
She has since then resigned from her seat at the National Assembly, in accordance with her campaign promise to focus exclusively on her term of President of the region. Prior to her current role, she occupied a variety of positions in Communications, Marketing, and HR in several other corporations. Laurence graduated from Sciences Po Paris. Clodine Pincemin was born in July 20th, in Moulin France. After graduating in Modern Literature, she began her career as Assistant to the Founding President who gave her soon new responsibilities: Since , she is President of Stop Hunger endowment fund.
She enjoys Literature and Theater and has a strong interest in fighting against hunger. For several years, Caroline has been working every day to support women entrepreneurs in tech. She ensures policy coherence across the organisation with his strategic agenda. In recognition of her efforts on inclusive growth and gender equality, Ms Ramos was awarded the Forbes Prize for Entrepreneurial Excellence in June Researcher, entrepreneur and high-touch futurist, Dr. Connie Reimers-Hild uses strengths-based strategic foresight to help leaders and organizations pursue their desired futures.
She is also the CEO of Wild Innovation - a strategic foresight and futuring firm that supports leaders, especially women in midlife, through transition. Her role as host of the Rural Futures podcast, combined with over twenty years of successfully helping more than companies and leaders, provides Dr. Connie with unique insights about the evolution of the future as well as humanity. Patricia Ricard has for more than 20 years been actively engaged in the protection of the environment. She is a Member of the Board of Administration of several government or non-profit organisations: She has been President of the Institut Paul Ricard since When he left ENA, he was assigned to the French inspectorate of public finances from to In , he was appointed technical advisor in the cabinet of the minister for industry and foreign trade.
In January , he was appointed executive vice president of Veolia Environnement and chief executive officer of Veolia Transport. From May to June , he was chief of staff for the French minister for the economy, industry and employment. She works on various communications activities, including building relationships with parliamentarians and civil society organisations across a number of issues covered by the organisation. She is also responsible for promoting the Better Life Index, a tool for citizens to voice their priorities for well-being and see how their country and others compare.
Earlier in her career at Les Echos, she held various position as an IT writer and created in a special section dedicated to the internet economy and to innovation. She also works as a strategic advisor to institutional investors, think tanks and governments on all things relating to green finance, sustainability and responsible investment. An extensive background in professional services and business consulting, focusing on financial services, environmental finance and sustainability industries, she frequently contributes articles, authors reports and speaks at conferences on issues including green financing, climate finance policy and broader sustainable finance issues.
After graduating from law school, Cindy spent 15 years at Disney, before senior management roles at Virgin Media and Vodafone. Now he designs collaborative sessions in France and abroad. He believes in Codesign as the new way to create a better future. He gives lectures about applied creativity in various universities SciencesPo, Montpellier Business School. She is also working at the Comprehensive Cancer Centre Gustave Roussy Paris since , where she is involved in clinical and research programmes. At European level, she is leading the quality certification programme for cancer centres for the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes.
Prior to joining Lenovo, Jennifer was a partner at the law firm of Troutman Sanders where she focused on intellectual property litigation, primarily patent litigation, and strategic counseling on all aspects of intellectual property. In her private practice, Jennifer appeared in federal courts around the country at both the trial and appellate levels and litigated international patent licensing disputes before the ICC. She works with banking and insurance clients in Europe and Africa, advising top management on strategic, organizational, and operational questions.
She has a passion for the challenges of digital transformation and helps clients transform their customer experience, digitize their end-to-end processes and embed innovation at the core of their culture. She regularly addresses conferences and the media on gender diversity and co-authored the report Women Matter Marie-Ange Saraka-Yao is a senior executive with a relentless drive for results and a 20 year track record in strategic leadership, policy development, innovative finance and resource mobilisation in emerging markets and globally.
Since joining Gavi in , her leadership was instrumental in raising the largest amount of resources ever for Gavi close to USD 18 billion by She has been nominated Branding Sector Leader on June Management engineer, married with two kids, Paola started her career in Monitor Company Michael Porter Consultancy firm , where she worked for 7 years as strategic consultant, moving to Vodafone for additional 7 years where she covered different roles from Marketing to Sales and Business Development. She is currently editor-in-chief of The Innovator www. The Innovator is aimed at senior executives at large corporates who are grappling with digital transformation.
Jennifer was named one of the 25 most inspiring women in technology in Europe in and and has been a World Economic Forum Technology Pioneer judge for the past 18 years. She is founder and owner of DoubleXEconomy, Inc. Scott works with corporations, international agencies, governments, and NGOs designing and testing programs to better include women in the economy. During the flight, Elena Serova performed more than 60 scientific experiments. The turnaround was successful, leading to double digit sales growth. She was specialized in the development of consumer companies, focusing on growth, marketing and retail strategies, as well as brand turnaround, in the fashion, consumer and retail industries.
Ranya is from Middle Eastern origins, but was born in London and grew up in a number of countries, including the UK, France and Greece. She is married and has two children. Mary Ann Sieghart is a Visiting Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, where she is writing a book about women and authority — why we take women less seriously than men. She has spent most of her life as a journalist and broadcaster.
She currently presents programmes on BBC Radio 4. In September he was appointed as a Member of the Executive Committee and Head of Company Engagement at BNP Paribas, with the mission to make the bank's commitment to society one of its strategic assets. Kevin has been involved in research efforts on global economic and business trends, productivity growth and innovation in China and Asia, as well as gender and diversity.
He is the coauthor of several reports, including The power of parity: Kevin is a frequent speaker on business topics at events across the Americas, Asia, and Europe. She is also President of the Foundation Be Planet. She is a Director of Renault and Vinci. She is a graduate of the Ecole polytechnique and Telecom ParisTech. Julia is an expert in addressing organisation and people related topics across different industries. She has been recently awarded with the Saudi Aramco Partnership Award for her leadership. Amanda Taub is one of the writers of the Interpreter, a New York Times column that uses social science and other tools to explain world events.
Tawney is based at the U. Sought for her vast industry expertise, Ms. Taylor has provided expert testimony in dozens of litigations, arbitrations and other cases. Serpil joined the Group ExCo in January In , he began his career and participated in the WRC until In , he took on responsibility for all motor sport activities of the Ferrari- Maserati Group and was appointed Gen. Manager of Ferrari in , CEO in Halla started her leadership career in corporate America working for Mars and Pepsi Cola. She was the first female CEO of the Iceland Chamber of Commerce and later went on to co-found an investment firm with the vision to incorporate feminine values into finance.
The company successfully survived the infamous economic meltdown in Iceland. In Halla was an independent candidate for the President of Iceland. She entered a crowded field of candidates and finished as the runner-up with nearly 30 percent of the vote. Women Innovating Together in Healthcare , international non-profit association for promoting medical innovation driven by women. In , she founded Jeito to invest in the next generation of biotech and promoting talented women. Tregoning has more than 20 years of professional experience in policy, advocacy, and external engagement. Tregoning became a staff member with the United States Congress in She was appointed to her present position at Sanofi in February Tregoning has a B.
Aizel is involved in many local charities that take care of the protection of women and children and is a member of the advisory board of Naked Heart Foundation. She is a strong supporter and ambassador of Russian young designers that she promotes in Russia and on foreign markets. Tso has a rare combination of extensive business and journalistic experience after more than 15 years reporting and commentating for television, radio, print and digital in both developed and emerging markets.
In , Tso swapped studios, moving from Squawk Box Asia in Singapore to London and since then has talked viewers through the all-important start of the European trading day, while sign posting significant trend changes in commodities, technology and retail. She works on a range of projects with cultural organisations and practitioners to enable artists, writers and performers to use digital tools to amplify or augment their artistic, theatrical or musical practice. She has 3 books including: Her TEDx talk has more than 1. She mentors queer, BAME, female and other intersectional creators and coders worldwide.
Anna received a M. She is a grantee of the Danish National Advanced Technology Foundation for research work in the field of visual perception. She has been working with Google Switzerland since Florence Verzelen started her career as a financial analyst in investment banking in New York. She then acquired more than 5-year experience in the public sector: She joined the team of the French Minister of European Affairs, as his advisor on trade and industry issue in From to , she worked at Engie, a world leader in the energy sector.
She was previously Marketing Director in Neuroscience and Cardiology from to , Head of Operations for Oncology and Hematology from to With over 20 years experience counseling political and corporate leaders, Ann creates impactful, transformative media campaigns that change perceptions and lives. Ann resides in Washington, DC and has one daughter. She has made several interventions in front of the European Commission and the European Union Court of Justice in cases of mergers implementation and has developed significant experience in the area of competition law.
She advises banks, companies, and corporate groups, in the framework of mergers and acquisitions operations and restructuring plans. She is also an expert in the area of Intellectual Property and Data Protection. Isabelle is highly active in the Media and Entertainment industry. In parallel, for more than 10 years, she has been dedicated to the fight against racism and anti-Semitism. Since , she also has done pioneering work in high schools with the purpose of fighting prejudice and intolerance in the school environment, and stopping the trivialization of Anti-Semitic and racist speech and acts.
Gary also developed and now leads WaterEquity, an innovation of Water. Gary is a leading advisor in the water and sanitation space, counseling organizations such as the Skoll Foundation, Bank of America Foundation, and IKEA Foundation on responses to the global water crisis. Olivier Wigniolle, a graduate of HEC business school , began his career at Arthur Andersen as an accounting and financial auditor. Alicia is the gender editor for The Times opinion section.
Prior to joining The Times she worked at Foreign Policy magazine, where she helped pioneer their Europe coverage from London and, along the way, oversaw coverage of Brexit, and the Brussels and Paris terror attacks. She earned her BA in political science and economics from U. Linda is active in the finance profession, currently serving as Chairman of the Board, Financial Executives International.
Linda and her husband live in New York City. His professional experience mainly covers Asian Affairs and politico-military issues. He has served as an Inspector of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Based in Bangladesh the University is dedicated exclusively to the education and leadership development of women from throughout the region www. Opened in , the University has students from 15 countries. Kamal holds a B. He is admitted to practice law in the State of New York. The founder of the Women4Green Network, Esther is committed to engaging and empowering women to drive sustainable practices at home, at work or at play.
She started at Google in in a Strategy Operations role for Southeast Asia and thereafter moved to the business development team which operates at the intersection of negotiating deals and bringing new products to market. In this capacity, she has worked at the edge of a wide range of product partnerships ranging from maps, retail and payments, advertising and product distribution in Asia Pacific. Bernise Ang is Chief Alchemist at Zeroth Labs, an urban innovation lab which uncovers behavioural insights, analyses complexities of hyper-local issues, and applies them to tackling urbanization challenges in emerging cities.
With Lybrate, Saurabh is striving to make healthcare accessible in India and bridge the demand-supply gap of healthcare experts by seamlessly connecting doctors and patients with the help of technology and letting them communicate using mobile phones. She became a member of the Executive Board in , and was in charge of its Americas-Africa and Sightseeing Business Units from to She has also been an independent Board member of Elior Group from to She is a member of different policy-driven national committees.
Capitalizing on her position, she has been championing women economic empowerment. Jessica Cheam is the Managing Editor of Eco-Business, an award-winning journalist, TV presenter, director, producer, and a social entrepreneur. Sara is a veteran in building high performance teams and establishing collaborative leadership models in multinational companies. She was a pioneer in introducing data analytics and business outsourcing to major countries in Asia Pacific.
Sara was born and raised in Taiwan and an US citizen. In her current role, she is responsible for overseeing the marketing strategies, digital marketing platforms and partnerships development across 4 proprietary markets and 17 partner markets in Asia. Sharon has over 18 years of experience in the consumer card business. Since joining American Express in , she has held key roles across local and regional teams, focusing on marketing acquisition, product management as well as customer engagement and experience.
Sharon is married with 3 children and enjoys spending her free time with her family, playing tennis and traveling. He advised multinationals on their growth strategy and performance improvement. He is a French citizen, was born in Cambodia, educated in Europe and has worked across continents.
With a deep understanding of Asian culture, Yolanda is credited with helping to transform Lenovo from a Chinese heritage company to a successful, culturally-integrated global brand. As Country Director for Facebook Singapore, Sandhya Devanathan works with the largest brands and startups in the region on building for the mobile world. Prior to this, Sandhya was a Managing Director at Standard Chartered Bank Singapore, running their half-a-billion-dollar revenue retail banking and payments business. During her year international career across Citi and SCB, Sandhya has managed multiple businesses and spearheaded innovation in consumer banking and payments.
From to Joris was country head for Japan at Fortis. From to August Joris was country head for India. Amelie Dionne-Charest co-founded two Hong Kong based businesses in the health space. Healthy Matters which is the leading source of trusted health information for women and families in Hong Kong and AD MediLink which provides health insurance advisory services. Amelie is a Canadian lawyer specialized in medical law. My researches focused on animal cell culture and applications such as bioassay-guided drug discovery, monoclonal antibody research, traditional herbs and the application in modern medicine etc.
With more than publications, I obtained the Associate Professor position in and became one of key researchers in the field. Before politics, Ms Fu had experience in corporate planning, financial controls and business development at the Overseas Union Bank and the Haw Par Group. Ms Fu is a strong advocate for women in Singapore. Outside of Shell, she has chosen to focus her contributions in Education, Human Capital and Sustainability. She champions technology, strategic relationships and innovative marketing initiatives to boost business performance.
Her focus has been to fuel Twitter strategy and growth in markets such as China, India, Australia and Indonesia. With the tagline Hire the World, Jobbatical sits squarely at the intersection of the future of travel, work and talent mobility. She founded her first company at the age of 16, officially becoming the youngest inventor of Estonia. She lead the launch of seven television channels in Northern Europe, incl.
For his services to the country he has been decorated with the Meritorious Service Medal and the Distinguished Service Order by the Singapore Government. In , she founded online eco-directory - GreenKampong. As UN Environment Ambassador in , Nadya helped launch the cleanseas campaign urging governments to pass plastic reduction policies and fronted the UN WildForLife global campaign representing Orangutans. Nadya is organising the Sumatran Elephant Round Table ING contributed to levy Gender in the national development agenda and continues to mainstream gender in state reforms, to promote women economic empowerment and their increasing role in public decision.
In the s, Dr. ING worked in France as a medical doctor and director of the drugs trials in a French company. In , in addition to her public position, Dr. ING became a co-founder for the Nokor Tep Foundation in charge of building the first nonprofit hospital for women health care. The 31 year-old works hard from the age of She was the Vice President of Miracle Group with over 10 years of professional hospitality experience.
A sought-after public speaker and philanthropist. She has been a strategic advisor on artificial intelligence, smart cities and fintech to clients such as SMRT, Singapore's largest public transport company, SOMPO, Japan's largest insurance firm, and Smart Dubai, the government agency tasked to transform Dubai into a leading smart city.
From there she moved into B2B business development, specialising in innovative e-business. Evelyne brings her considerable talents to managing large, complex projects and building entrepreneurial partnerships and sits on the boards of different companies, in the industrial sector as well as in the start-up ecosystem. She has recently created Executive Art to leverage business performance through art. He joined Societe Generale in Hong Kong in Prior to Societe Generale, he worked for 15 years at Bear Stearns, focusing mainly in derivatives and prime brokerage activities, in Hong Kong, Dublin and London.
Pascal started his career at Banque Indosuez, in various international assignments, including India and Japan. She plays the role of connecting the dots, building and maintaining relationships across the growth markets with our members, stakeholders and employees.
She has spent more than a decade in marketing and communications agencies. Linda also founded White Parachute, a mentoring programme serving "seemingly average" students in Singapore. She writes articles and produces videos for CNBC's digital platforms. Xin En has worked, lived and studied in Bangkok, Beijing and London. Lydia is a career journalist who has specialised in reporting and writing on Singapore politics and policy and now heads training for the English, Malay and Tamil publications within the Singapore Press Holdings group.
She also writes a regular Sunday column in The Straits Times in which she shares her views on socio-economic and cultural issues, including future readiness and smart cities - two topics in which she has a particular interest. She helps direct work with sovereign-wealth funds in the region. Having worked extensively with government entities and government-linked companies across Asia, Ms. Lin is passionate about working with governments to drive workforce transitions in a new era of work.
Based in Shanghai, Christine has held leadership positions in multinational companies ranging from luxury fashion to pharmaceuticals including Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, Honeywell and Richemont. She is an accomplished Human Resources Executive with practical insights into human capital and organizational development. Zenaida Cuison Maglaya started her career in government as a MASICAP Scholar under the then Department of Industry, where she was assigned in Northern Mindanao and Eastern Visayas assisting small and medium entrepreneurs in preparing project feasibility studies to enable them to borrow money from the bank.
She is currently Undersecretary for Regional Operations supervising sixteen regional offices nationwide. Marina Mahathir is a writer and women's rights activist. She is a member of Sisters in Islam, an advocacy group for justice and equality for Muslim women in Malaysia. She has also been writing a column in The Star newspaper for over 20 years, about current issues in Malaysia and globally, especially human rights, censorship and politics.
Marina has also co-produced a TV programme for young women, several movies and founded Zafigo. Upon graduation Hayden worked for top US law firms in their Tokyo offices before moving into the financial services sector. Prasanna leads operations at Graphene Services, and brings with him over 20 years of work experience in the IT industry — 16 years of which were spent with Microsoft, where he primarily dealt with international markets.
Mihov research topics are related to monetary policy, fiscal policy and economic growth. Mihov holds a PhD degree from Princeton University. She has focused on political affairs as well as technical and cultural co-operation. She has also worked for the private sector, as Corporate Public Affairs manager for the Michelin tire company. She contributed to create the association "Women and diplomacy" at the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the promotion of women and a more inclusive workplace.
She also chaired that association. She serves as advisor to the blockchain and airtaxi company VIMANA and is a board member of Plan International Sweden, working to advance children's rights and equality for girls. She is a passionate Organisation builder and groomed many leaders including top women talents. As head of Marketing, she is responsible for strategy development, value business generation and new market awareness for a diverse and dynamic region across more than 10 countries including Australia, Singapore, Indonesia, Myanmar and Vietnam. Sylvie spent 20 years at Accenture leading missions for global industries like Pharmaceutical or Automotive worldwide around operating model design and deployment,postmerger integration,product portfolio rationalization,international software deployments,IT and non IT shared service,CRM and e-strategy.
She holds a Ph. Her current research examines Artificial Intelligence in user behavior and business ecosystems. She published several books, two encyclopedias and articles in leading international journals.
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For her research activity and publications she won several awards and the Mobile Marketing Association Global Award "Academic of the Year". She has held positions in the Ministries of Defence, Finance and Manpower. She is fluent in Mandarin Chinese. She advises multinational corporations on the latest economic, political and market developments affecting business in Asia.
She regularly chairs Economist events and roundtables, delivers custom briefings to C-suite executives, and appears in international media. She joined The Economist in From , Pamela also worked as an analyst with Prudential, based in London. Pierre is a senior consultant with extensive experience in conceiving, and structuring marketing, digital and business transformation strategies, breaking the rules of traditional marketing and catalysing innovation-led and data-driven mindsets for his clients.
He is a highly accomplished keynote speaker at global conferences, an experienced conference moderator and executive workshop facilitator. John Rossant is the Founder and Chairman of NewCities, a major global non-profit institution dedicated to improving the quality of life and work in cities. He is also leading LA CoMotion, the new global annual event on the future of urban mobility, which takes place in the heart of Los Angeles. Established Forma Corporation in Board Member of Renault Group since In , she obtained a B. A Honours from Oxford University, before receiving an M.
A from Stanford University in Lauren is a specialist in environment, climate change and knowledge management currently working as the Managing Director for Asia Pacific of the Resilient Cities Challenge RC , pioneered by the Rockefeller Foundation.
She joined MasterCard in and has been responsible for a number of roles including external and internal communications and corporate reputation for the organization in the Asia Pacific region. Georgette currently serves on the Committee of BoardAgender in Singapore, and also serves as President of the Singapore Committee for UN Women, where she is recognized as a co-founder for the award-winning Project Inspire initiative. Naw Pann Thin Zar Myo. She became a Karen ethnic affairs minister in Yangon Region Government. Additionally, she is holding regional portfolios of e-Government, Public Information,Hotels and Tourism.
Prior, she obtained a diploma from Temasek Polytechnic. Dr Indigo has 25 years of owning and operating a business, in the US. She launched 4D Performance, in Malaysia in Her passion is providing transformational coaching. Through a variety of purpose driven techniques, clients are surrounded with support and guidance. Her commitment is to offer services that help women become career resilient by tapping into their uniqueness and strengths to develop their best self through a unique blend of her expertise and methods designed to empower.
Federico is President — Region Asia, Africa, Australia, based in Singapore, building with his teams in Turkey, Middle East, China, Japan, Australia, the route to market, communication and product proposition to bring Barilla purpose, products and experience in new markets. Helene von Reis is a native of Malmo, Sweden. Over the years, has held a number of positions within the company.
Reporting to the head of the region, she is responsible for strategic communications planning, knowledge dissemination and outreach to the key audiences that Nissan seeks to influence. Lavanya is a multi-faceted individual who has won two national awards from the Prime Minister of India for her radio documentaries as producer and script writer.
Lavanya holds a PhD and MPhil from Osmania University, India, with specific focus on the language of cinema in India and its effectiveness in representing socio-economic issues. She covers Chinese consumers, health care and the intersection of demographics and the economy. Wee was a correspondent at Reuters, where she worked for nearly nine years, based in Singapore, Hong Kong and Beijing. She is a native of Singapore. Vincent is responsible for leading teams across various functions, including marketing, sales, aftersales, network development and product planning.
He joined the company in and has held leadership positions in sales, aftersales and marketing. He was instrumental in driving significant growth in the aftersales business and improvement of overall customer quality. After graduating from Newcastle University with a degree in Politics, Claire joined Silverstone Circuit as a press officer. Claire joined Williams in and was promoted to Head of Communications in , responsible for all internal and external communications.
She is a Board and C-Suite advisor on strategy, human capital, leadership development, and the future of work. The organization has opened over 20, libraries serving In , she was appointed as the ninth Speaker of Parliament, and was the first woman to serve in that capacity. Mdm Halimah is active in social causes, and is the Patron to more than 40 organisations.
In the span of 3. The magazine is regarded as a content creator which produces highly original and meaningful pieces, that highlight business and thought leadership across multiple industries. Former sales broker at Allianz, Val feels passionately about making insurance protection simple and accessible to everyone.
Kevyn received his Ph. Johnson School of Management at Cornell University. Kevyn's research and expertise focuses on creativity, innovation, entrepreneurship, and leadership. As its Joint Managing Partner, she is instrumental in establishing various gender-diversity initiatives in the firm. Elsewhere, Stef has widely spoken and written on gender equality. A feminist advocate and communicator, Lori has a decade of experience promoting the health and rights of women and girls in the U. Zahra is an internationally acclaimed Speaker and her book with Harper Collins will be published in January In she joined Sanofi Egypt as Dir.
He also holds a Certified Management Accountant designation. He is a long-time resident of Mississauga, where he lives now with his wife and two children. Extensive experience in public policy, strategic analysis, advocacy, communications and public and media relations, with the provincial and federal governments as well as McGill University.
A track record in community leadership, mentoring and stakeholder management with women's groups. A publicly recognized advocate for the social economy and social justice issues,locally and nationally. Rhonda Barnet is a graduate of Trent University with a B. Since graduation Rhonda has spent the last 28 years working in advanced manufacturing sector. Rhonda is regularly called upon to provide thought leadership on innovation, skills and diversity in the manufacturing industry. Norma Bastidas broke and more than doubled the Guinness World Record for the longest triathlon 95 miles of swimming, 2, miles of cycling and miles of running, 3, miles in total.
She is the fourth woman elected as Chair of the Board since the foundation of the Chamber in Lourdes Berho has more than 25 years of experience in C-Suite positions heading global organizations and has been an indisputable growth leader. Her professional career focuses on senior management, business plan development, media, strategic marketing communications, travel and tourism, luxury and sustainability. In this position she is responsible for the strategic travel trade and marketing efforts of the company in the Mexican market.
She is frequently invited as a speaker on travel and tourism marketing, sustainability and women empowerment in international forums. She is the editor of Amplify, a weekly newsletter that highlights the voices, opinions and insights of women. She joined the ICRC in as a legal adviser, working on education and outreach programming. During her tenure as chair of TD's Women in Leadership Committee, she championed the increase of women's leadership representation and forward-thinking programs for all TD employees.
Maria is responsible for driving the sales strategy for the most important prospects and clients in the region. After a very successful career as a corporate executive, Caroline Codsi founded in Women in Governance with mission to facilitate the access of women to decision-making bodies. In , she created the very first parity certification in Canada. She is recipient of multiple awards including a Gender Equality Award by the United Nations, a Leadership Award from the Federation of chambers of commerce etc.
With over volunteers it offers a program of courses, individual mentoring, and events with the entrepreneurial ecosystem. Additionally, she serves as a corporate director at EllisDon. Delorme is a Member of the Order of Canada. Her research focuses on inter-cultural leadership. For more than 25 years, she has served clients in consumer goods, retail, apparel, fashion and luxury, and commercial real estate in North and South America, as well as in China, Europe and the Middle East. Jerry Dias has been active in the labour movement for nearly four decades. He began his work life in at de Havilland Aircraft Bombardier where he served a steward, plant chair and President of Local Stephenie speaks globally on why investing in women and girls is critically important.
Dagmar Freitag has been a Member of the German Parliament since From to , Ms. Freitag was chairwoman and since is deputy chairwoman of the German-American Parliamentary Friendship Group. Additionally, from , Ms. Prior to joining Fortune, Gallagher was a senior editor at SmartMoney magazine and a writer for Forbes.
She lives in New York. Nicole is a passionate marketing and communications executive with over 20 years of building brands and marketing enterprise B2B and B2C technology solutions around the globe. Before joining ITC, Ms. Greene is Director of the U. Greene is a former entrepreneurship professor at Babson College, where she held the Paul T.
Babson Chair in Entrepreneurial Studies. Greene was the founding National Academic Director for the Goldman Sachs 10, Small Businesses initiative and the Global Academic Director for the 10, Women program, a global initiative that fosters economic growth by providing women entrepreneurs around the world with business and management education, mentoring and networking, and access to capital.
Kathryn is a passionate, fearless communications leader with 15 years of experience. As Global Director of PR at Motorola Mobility, a Lenovo company, she guides global strategy and is responsible for end-to-end external communications across all touch points. She thrives on the excitement of a fast-paced industry and is always up for the challenges that it brings. Kathryn has a decade of agency experience working on a variety of businesses including technology, alcohol and various consumer clients.
She campaigns to educate and raise awareness of sustainable development for all audiences, especially the youngest through the deployment of educational tools and capacity building through the 20 programs of its Foundation. In this newly-created role at Scotiabank, Mike is responsible for the creation of an enterprise-wide data governance strategy for the bank and an operating model. Hindou is a recent National geographic Emerging. With a background in engineering from the University of Toronto and a prolific career at some of Toronto's best known startups including Wattpad, Wave, and Wealthsimple, her latest venture is transforming the way people access and control their own health information for good.
Throughout her life, she has been a civil servant, politician, academic and administrator. She studied economics and politics in the U. She completed a Phd in psychology at McGill University.
Summary Bibliography: H. Z. Ilmi
She headed an economic think tank, ran a major Occupational Health and Safety Organization and was assistant Deputy Minister in Ottawa. Roxanne first travelled to Kenya as a teenager, where she was struck by the impoverished yet resourceful women she met. She went on to graduate from Stanford, earn a Rhodes scholarship and a law degree from Oxford. But rather than pursue a conventional career, she brought her training back to the communities that first inspired her.
Roxanne received the Order of Canada in She studies innovation and the emergence of new fields and technologies. Dacher is the author of Born to Be Good: How We Gain and Lose Influence. Surgeon General, bringing human-centered design to addressing addiction, opioids, and emotional well-being. Ann holds a joint degree in Anthropology and Religion from Harvard College.
Victoria served the Indigenous public service, working at the Band, regional and national levels. Brenda LaRose, CMC, CPHR, brings over twenty five years of experience leading executive search engagements across a broad range of industries and sectors throughout Canada and internationally. Before joining Leaders International, Ms. LaRose founded Higgins Executive Search and developed a national practice that is now recognized as a Canadian leader in the recruitment of diversity and Indigenous executives and Board members. Before joining the Forum he worked for several years in the financial sector in London.
Sheila MacVicar is an acclaimed TV journalist, working as a foreign correspondent for nearly thirty years. Throughout her career she has covered war and conflict, humanitarian disaster, political uprising, and terrorism. Her most recent work focused on issues of migration, climate change, dispossession and disenfranchisement. MacVicar currently works as a freelance consultant, host and moderator, and is producing an international multi-part documentary film project.
Waubetek also delivers an Aboriginal business program to Aboriginal people in Southern Ontario and aquaculture services to Aboriginal people in Ontario, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Mahajan has had more than 10 years of executive experience working in health policy and management in Canada, the United States and overseas. Prior to joining the Commission, Ms. She currently leads the global file for the Commission, and oversees the areas of Workplace, Post Secondary Schools and Cannabis. Prior, her experience is in intersection of entrepreneurship and financial policy in relation to economic development.
In , she presented Stitch Tomorrow, a sustainable fashion social enterprise she co-founded, at the World Economic Forum in Davos and was a delegate of the Girls20 Summit. She studied Engineering at Princeton, and is originally from the Philippines and Japan. At BSR, Kate works with the organization's financial services members on ESG strategies including integration, due diligence, and performance management.
She also coordinates BSR's Business Action for Women collaborative initiative which brings together companies that are working to empower women in their value chains. Kate has also worked for international development organizations in Latin America and is fluent in Spanish. She started her career in New York in at Mademoiselle magazine after graduating from the University of Arizona and spending a year in Paris, France studying French. She joined the Bank in and has held progressively senior positions in retail banking, credit cards, marketing, sales and service, wealth management and human resources.
Kate represents and advises private and public sector employers in all aspects of labour and employment-related issues, including workplace harassment and human rights matters. Her clients carry on business in a wide range of sectors, including government, retail, education, communications, banking and finance, insurance, energy, technology, manufacturing, consumer goods, and automotive. Kate is a member of the firm's Diversity and Inclusion Committee and is actively engaged in the firm's culture and people initiatives. Entrepreneur, trend-spotter, reputed public speaker.
Facilitator strategic governance workshops on future trends and industry disruption. Adjunct professor at McGill University. Guest lecturer, IMD Switzerland. Faculty, Institute of Corporate Directors Canada. Board member, Audemars Piguet Switzerland. Former board member, Ubisoft France Euronext: As Chief Executive Officer, Farah leads Malala Fund in working toward a world where all girls can learn for 12 years and lead without fear. She has served as an advisor to Virgin Unite, Clinton Global Initiative and several other organizations.
A passionate volunteer, Maryam has sat on the boards and committees of several high-profile organizations. Alyse has worked for the organization for 15 years, serving as vice president and senior director of programs before assuming her current role in Under her leadership, Vital Voices has tripled in size and expanded its global reach to serve a network of over 14, women leaders in countries.
Alyse is the author of the best-selling book Vital Voices: Sandie qualified first as a barrister and then re-qualified and trained as a solicitor. In July , Sandie was awarded an Honorary Doctorate in Law by City University London in recognition of her career in business and law, and her voluntary work.
Sandie has received several accolades in the United Kingdom and Europe for her volunteer efforts and contribution to the legal profession as a diversity champion. She leads the strategic planning process, ensures that portfolio development be achieved in an optimal and balanced way according to asset allocation and the risk-return ratio. She is also responsible for specialized research activities and she guides the business units concerning the identification of investment opportunities in various sectors, geographies and products.
In her role, Ms. Paul is responsible for overseeing all areas of human capital including talent acquisition, talent management, learning and development, workforce planning, compensation and benefits. A serial entrepreneur with a reputation for being an innovator, corporate strategist, and pioneer at fusing digital innovations with earned media, Mia Pearson is the co-founder of North Strategic and Notch Video, and the CEO of MSL Canada, a Publicis company.
With more than 25 years of experience in PR, social media and brand strategy, Mia is one of the most respected voices in Canadian media, specializing in cutting edge digital communications and advocating on behalf of women in business. He has worked with the Economic Growth Council of Canada, and has spent over 20 years serving clients in financial services, telecom, and retail topics. He is a co-author of The power of parity: Before joining the Times, Ms. She is also the author of the book Green Washed: Porter was a journalist at the Toronto Star, where she started as an intern, and worked her way up to columnist.
She proved herself as an international correspondent, covering the earthquake in Haiti and returning to the country 18 times to report on its reconstruction efforts. She works closely with Nunavut institutions to help assess and identify strategies and approaches that will attract and retain the highest quality professionals. In her various roles, she has garnered a wealth of experience in a wide range of issues, including governance, laws, policies, program and service development and delivery both in Nunavut and the rest of Canada.
She is married and has four children. Maya is a diversity specialist with 20 years of experience in a variety of sectors in public policy development, public health, adult education and social work. She has extensive experience working in marginalized and disadvantaged communities, and is skilled in human resources, financial management, grant writing and project planning as well as in strategic communications and marketing. Maya is fluent in English, French and Bengali.
Jodi Rudoren, a veteran journalist who has been at The New York Times since , is an associate managing editor and editorial director of NYT Global, the companywide initiative to grow the international audience and make The Times a truly global news organization. She is a longtime newsroom innovator and collaborative leader who was an author of the report on newsroom structure and vision.
Ana Maria Salazar Slack. Ana Maria Salazar Slack is a recognized international law and national security expert and popular speaker at business, military and government forums. He was able to appeal to the masses using populist rhetoric that criticized the cultural imperialism to which Iranian leaders of the past had submitted Abrahamian They envisioned a system of governance that would weave together Islam and reason—perceived by many clerics and secular revolutionaries of that time period as a seemingly volatile pair.
In order to sustain this system, Iran had to undergo what Varzi calls an Islamic cultural revolution Iranian citizens were subjected to strict social control of behavior and lifestyles in the public sphere. From dress code to education to leisure, Islam forcibly saturated every aspect of public life. Those who publicly expressed conformity did not always privately maintain such practices. Two of the most prevalent practices were alcohol consumption and gender interactions that were not religiously sanctioned Mahdavi , Varzi Many urban middle and particularly upper middle class parents facilitated and even engaged this behavior that was forbidden in the streets.
In many young Iranian lifestyles today, this same dichotomy exists between the public and the private spheres. What are the implications for children who are endlessly juggling two opposing worlds? When these two worlds are morally diametrically opposed, to the degree that what is condoned in one world is forbidden in the other and vice versa , shame comes to play. And with this shame is a denial or a split of self in order to survive. Within the private sphere, the practices that signify cultural values are different than those expressed in the public sphere.
In her research on youth culture and identity in contemporary Iran, Varzi analyzes the relationship between zaher, the surface or appearance of things, and the baten, the individual senses of reality. She questions the extent to which what appears to be reality actually is. Against the backdrop of an Islamic society, there exists an urban and secular youth who try to lead a different life than that which is permissible by the government, and make this effort by remaining invisible to the powers that be Varzi Modernity is sometimes defined as an era where all limits are transcended Berman ; Amir-Ebrahimi It dictates that everything is acceptable and possible, in the sexual, national, legal, moral, and physical realms.
It has unintentionally produced an uncontrollable desire to go beyond the margins of acceptability Amir- Ebrahimi Although this public trespass is labeled as a protest, it is not one that is at odds with the modernity that affects the enforcement of Islamic law, which has adopted modern values. While the young generation privately maintains a desired lifestyle away from the eyes of public authority, it makes a conscious effort to produce a more accommodating public sphere.
In a recent study on female webloggers in Iran, Masserat Amir-Ebrahimi exposes narratives provided by both men and women that tell of their personal and private lives. I reveal those attributes of modernity that are embraced by the contemporary Islamic state such as individualism and reason, and I challenge the longstanding belief that there exists an inherent incompatibility between the Iranian Islamic state and modernity. Finally, it appears that many urban Iranians are ready to narrate their own modernities, demanding progress, and prepared for an authentic embrace of modernity.
Prior to the revolution, for Iranian modernists, viewing European women as educated and cultured, the veil became a symbol of backwardness. Its removal was essential to the advancement of Iran and its dissociation from Arab-Islamic culture Tavakoli-Targhi However, they have not been entirely anti-modern. As Afary explains, they established a constitution and upheld literacy and health campaigns of the Pahlavi era, which were embraced more by the new regime, because they were now being offered by a popular state Afary Establishment of a theocracy in Iran seemingly contradicts the essence of modernity.
She states, In establishing the Islamic Republic, one of the ways in which leaders consolidated power and legitimized their rule was through a reconstitution of political and legal institutions that draw from and foster the very European- inspired liberalism that the government had condemned, triggering the potential for conflict. The consequences of this inconsistency are more evident today and play out in public spaces that are also products of this seeming contradiction. An amalgam of the religious and the modern presents a possible contradiction where there is neither a full rejection nor acceptance of strictly religious or strictly modern values at the institutional or societal levels.
Mirsepassi calls an irony what Osanloo describes as a contradiction. This irony may be the reason why negotiation of a new modernity proves challenging for Iran. Mirsepassi concludes that this discourse would replace the Western modernization projects and allow Iran to accommodate modernity within the context of its own historical and cultural experiences. He asserts that modernity must provide a meaningful narrative of life for a people in order to empower them, to let them take their own destiny in hand Mirsepassi Since , many academic intellectuals have engaged in modernity discourse, aiming to discover its humanistic principles that will give Iranians unique and meaningful narratives as well as the power to control these narratives.
Sociologist Farzin Vahdat offers a view into this discourse in contemporary Iran by comparing the ideologies of Riza Davari-Ardakani, popular among the clerics and lay religious intellectuals, and Abdulkarim Sorush, who is popular among the young and well-educated Muslims who seek a more democratic society. Davari suggests that modernity has caused a neglect of the being and that the Iranian revolution was fought for a renewal of a covenant with God that modernity had broken Vahdat For Davari, it is impossible to reconcile Islam and modernity.
Sorush suggests that accommodating for modernity in an Islamic state would alleviate the problems that Iran faces today.
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The Islamic Republic has already accommodated for modernity in the public sphere, to the extent that it did not clash with Islamic principles and values. What Sorush seems to suggest is that it is crucial to reconcile Islam with not only aspects of modernity that are tolerated in the public sphere but also with those that are articulated in the private sphere, which have the potential of posing a threat to the order of the Islamic state. The current situation in Iran is one in which the two sides that support and reject a modern civil society are in conflict with each other.
Vahdat also calls this a contradiction, but one that can be overcome because modernity exists at the origin of Iranian society and is capable of carrying Iran into the modern world within an Islamic context. The Iranian desire to become modern citizens becomes increasingly evident in contemporary times. Sociologist Azadeh Kian-Thiebaut discusses modernity in the context of recent Iranian politics as it affects Iranian citizens. During his presidential term, the flow of modern ideas and practices into Iran surged.
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She suggests that Iranian youth are attracted to a Western culture that they are able to adopt through international communication networks. However, it may also be the case that access to knowledge of the features of the Western world has not sent young people in Iran chasing after Western modernity, but instead has engaged them in the production of a new version of Iranian modernity.
Both the Iranian state and society must define modernity such that it is unique to their national historical experiences. Ideologies that emphasize the tension between the old and the new, the traditional and the modern are not conducive to the progress of Iranian society. For as long as negotiation of a modern identity is viewed as a battle, modernity will be viewed as a crisis. By creating this vision Iranians will be able to reap the benefits of modernity without sacrificing their authenticity. Existing literature on marriage in contemporary Iranian society focuses its lens on women as they are markers of shifts in cultural practices and norms Najmabadi ; Osanloo ; Paidar The voices of the ulama— religious scholars, reached the masses through public sermons or televised speeches.
Print media was also a venue for dissemination of their prescriptions for a proper Islamic lifestyle Paidar In this article, the well-known cleric Hojatollah Abasqoly Akhtari defined marriage as a religious duty that cures almost all social and personal problems.
Although this opinion was released decades ago, the essence of his perspective is universal among many Islamic thinkers. Today, Islamic scholars regularly hold seminars in universities and give public sermons that deem marriage a necessary practice for the production of a good Muslim citizen. As the majority of the Iranian population is Muslim, the production of good Muslims is synonymous with the production of good Iranian citizens. For Iranians, law and religion are woven together in the institution of marriage. Shia Islamic laws on marriage, therefore, contribute to the formation of civil laws that govern.
According to Haeri, a permanent Islamic marriage, aqd, is a contract of exchange whereby men offer a bride-price in the form of money or goods with material value in exchange for an exclusive sexual union. This exchange legitimizes the marriage both civilly and religiously Haeri Marriage in rural and urban Iranian societies not only legitimizes the relationship between a man and a woman who are not related, but it is highly encouraged.
Religious text chronicled during the time of the prophet Muhammad reveals that he strongly recommended marriage. Haeri explains that in addition to granting social prestige to men and women, marriage also incurs religious merit Haeri If Iranians therefore want to fulfill their roles as proper Muslims and Iranian citizens, they must fulfill this religious duty that is ultimately socially rewarding as well.
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Furthermore, he outlines the five advantages to marriage: Known as sigheh, temporary marriages in Iran offer an alternative marriage contract that is less restrictive than the aqd. Irrespective of the intended legal purpose of this Islamic practice, the majority of those who take advantage of it use it as a method of engaging in a religiously sanctioned and thus legitimate sexual relationship with a member of the opposite sex.
These marriage contracts are valid for a designated period of time that is mutually agreed upon by both the man and the woman. Although Islamic law permits this kind of marriage in Iran, it is also the subject of much criticism, particularly in more urban parts of the country. Of those who oppose it, many suggest that it is a loophole for citizens to engage in socially illegitimate and unacceptable behavior that is religiously sanctioned.
Haeri claims that in post-revolutionary Iran, the institution of temporary marriage exists against a backdrop where sex segregation dominates the social structure. In a society where religion and law are so tightly intertwined, marriage in practice not only has a more egalitarian structure than the law allows but also varies among individuals based on their social origins and economic resources. She reports that more than 70 percent of all divorces registered in any given year in Tehran are by mutual consent Mirhosseini Mirhosseini claims that while the marriage contract as defined by law concedes neither a shared area of ownership nor equality and reciprocity in conjugal rights and duties, marriage in social practice assumes all of these.
Once this sharing and reciprocity is jeopardized, the couple ends up in court. If the wife insists on the divorce and the husband refuses to consent to it, she may offer to surrender it as an incentive for his consent. Conversely, if a husband insists on a divorce to which the wife does not consent, he may be deterred from filing for a divorce by the bride-price that he will be obligated to pay.
Here, it appears that women in an Islamic marriage are granted some implicit power. Divorce is religiously discouraged and culturally condemned in Iran because a divorced woman is perceived to be a potential source of disorder and temptation as she enjoys greater legal and personal autonomy than a woman who is married or has never been married. Because she is no longer assumed to be a virgin and does not require the careful care and protection that an unmarried woman receives, the divorced woman finds herself vulnerable and frequently pursued by men who search for a sexual relationship.
As long as a woman is married, and her sexuality is legally controlled or supervised by her husband, she enjoys greater status and social prestige than do unmarried women in Iran Haeri Kousha discovered this in a study of married women during the s, where she observed that although divorce was granted in Islam, it was shunned socially.
Most families encourage their daughter to remain married because of the shame a divorce may bring upon the family Kousha The discourse of the Islamic Republic, therefore, aims to promote marriage and prevent divorce in order to maintain culturally legitimate gender relations that provide certainty and help to preserve order in society.
It can be assumed from this discourse that women should actively pursue marriage in an effort to secure greater social status. This notion of attainment of social prestige through marriage also applies to women who have never been married. For a community in a small urban Iranian city, Soraya Tremayne discovered that the idea of a married woman is always clear, unlike that of an unmarried woman, who is viewed as a failure and remains in limbo in her social interactions Tremayne This belief further assumes that her social interactions must be monitored because she is more susceptible to engaging in unsanctioned inter- gender relations than a married woman.
Here, getting married is deemed a success and thus an end for every young woman to strive towards. Interestingly enough, in spite of social norms many women do not view marriage as a means of improving their social lives. The questionnaire was sent nationwide to , women ages fifteen to sixty, in ten urban and rural clusters Nouraie-Simone Universalizing Islamic marriage was deemed necessary for counteracting the licentious influence exerted by sexual freedom in the West Paidar While all of these qualities are still not commonly preferred even by men who live in urban centers of Iran, more women today appear to have embraced most of them.
The number of unmarried women with careers and of young adults who question the inevitability of marriage and children seem to be rising rather rapidly in Iran Friedl Friedl proposes that although the conservative rhetoric of the Islamic Republic dominates public discourses on women, the women have created choices within that context where they engage in behaviors and beliefs that lie outside of that dominant discourse Formerly, even dominant discourse on marriage within the private sphere failed to grant women much of a voice.
Parents believed they knew what was best better than their daughters who had limited world views and experiences Kousha This trend slowly began to shift toward granting young women more autonomy on marriage decisions as the influences of modernity increasingly penetrated Iranian life. According to Friedl, the transformation of marriage customs and expectations among the urban upper middle-class had started to take a turn two generations prior to the revolution.
The changes brought about emancipatory husband-wife relationships. In these relationships, both partners were viewed as and treated more or less equally. Young men and women both had a voice in deciding whom they were going to marry. Just as an increase in opportunities for women disrupted the traditional power dynamics between men and women, the availability of new opportunities for the young generation also rattled the power dynamics within the family.
According to Afary, during this time urban marriages were becoming increasingly modern, and several months of courtship were now acceptable in the new middle classes, although both families had a voice in this process By the first decade of the twenty-first century, the institution of marriage had irrevocably changed. Both husband and wife entered marriage with greater expectations about companionship and emotional intimacy, hopes that often remained unfulfilled. The availability of university seats and employment for women contributed to their increasing involvement in the public domain.
These opportunities thus welcomed the transition of marriage customs and practices into even the less urban regions and middle and lower classes of Iran. In a study done on a small urban city in Iran, when parents discussed education, it became clear that the fathers saw their authority challenged by modernity and change, and they sensed the ground for their patriarchal authority beginning to shift Tremayne The post-revolution era has witnessed an alarming increase in young men and women who married late or not at all.
Young people are increasingly demanding a voice regarding whom they are going to marry when elders make recommendations, and in many cases they select a partner on their own. Divorce is becoming more frequent as well. Many young women resist marriage in order to gain independence and autonomy. Based on a study in a less urban city in Iran, higher education can work against girls as many boys leave school to learn skills and earn money, and they do not wish to marry girls who are better educated than themselves Tremayne Some young women who go to school and aspire to higher education and a profession have the burden of escaping unwanted suitors who might derail their education Friedl Rejecting marriage proposals grants young women a chance at having autonomy whereas accepting a proposal runs the risk of losing that chance, depending on what kind of man they marry.
While a young woman has the right to reject a proposal of marriage, she must be cognizant of its consequences. Criteria such as income, physical attractiveness, and family status are deemed conventional priorities in determining the eligibility of a suitor. Young women must therefore be aware of this tradeoff that could become a crisis. Tremayne suggests that as a consequence, the protection of collective values and obligations towards the kin group is no longer as significant. Tremayne claims that coupled with changes in laws that give women more legal rights with regard to marriage and divorce, young women now have more freedom and a choice over marriage According to Friedl, the crisis of marriage in Iran is caused by a weak economy, rising expectations, and gender philosophy.
High inflation and the high rate of unemployment among young people make it difficult to start a new household Friedl A young man will not be able to find a woman who is willing to marry him until he is financially secure and established enough to support a family. Events leading up to the wedding were formerly handled cheaply but have recently been turned into lavish festivities that have to be honored with gifts and ceremonies in urban and rural regions Friedl Paidar states that in addition to various charities available to donate to newlyweds, banks also offered marriage loans In a recent report given at a symposium on marriage in Iran in , Erika Friedl commented on what she called a crisis of marriage in Iran.
She observed that it is now apparent that the process of spouse selection has changed and authority is now challenged. This may be a reaction to the fact that many young men are stagnant due to the discouraging unemployment rate. Unable to fathom the possibility of establishing a joint life with a partner independent of parental support, they evade the arduous process of pursuing an education, career, and financial security.
Parents hope that forcing their sons into commitment and responsibilities may induce their ambition and entice them to lead productive and successful lives. Friedl also claimed that if women are too pretty, they are pressed into marriage. Furthermore, as long as women are financially independent they will postpone marriage. In that same symposium Mary Heglend, who has conducted substantial cultural fieldwork in Iran had this to offer: Mother-in-laws are losing power that brides are now gaining.
There is no longer a community feeling, there is more of a focus on the nuclear family. Marriages are more cooperative and based on companionship and couples have a loving relationship. Many girls may refuse an arranged marriage, so they remain single. Broadening the geographical location for sample selection contributed to the protection of the identities of my respondents.
The research site was not limited to any organization or specific location. Respondents were selected through accessible social networks that included but were not limited to my own personal acquaintances. Data was collected over a period of two years. I analyzed the data I collected from research between September and October Research Sample My sample population included unmarried men and women between the ages of 20 and 30 who identified as Iranian and lived in Iran.
My sample included men and women of any religious background willing to participate in unstructured anonymous interviews and willing to allow me to participate with them in their daily activities, including work and social outings. Recruitment of Participants Potential participants were contacted and introduced to the research via liaisons.
They were all either friends or acquaintances of my relatives, whom I met through group outings. Upon being introduced, I explained that my visit to Iran was for the intention of gathering data for my research and explained the details of the study. Those who were interested in participating were given a consent form in Persian for further details about the study as well as confidentiality. Through the help of my initial informants, I was introduced to more young men and women who were interested in participating in this study.
Given public codes of behavior in Iran, my access to public participation with men was limited in comparison to my opportunities to interact with women. This restriction explains how I was able to collect more data through participant observation about women than men.
Also, being a young Iranian woman, I was able to illicit personal responses from females much more readily than males. Socio-demographic Characteristics of Informants The sample for this study was comprised of 8 men and 11 women aged between 22 and Of this sample, I provide in-depth narratives as a result of isolated semi- structured interviews for 5 women aged between 23 and 27 and 6 men aged between 22 and My study focuses on the narratives of these 11 individuals.
Of the young men, one holds a graduate college degree, four have had some college education and are still in progress of completing their degrees, and one has a high school diploma. Five of them live in middle-class neighborhoods with their families in a large urban Iranian city. Of the five young women, three hold undergraduate degrees and two have had some college education.
They all live with their families in a large urban Iranian city. One of these women lived away from her parents during her college experience. My Role as an Ethnographer Being raised with Iranian traditions and values and having visited Iran consistently over the past decade, I was familiar with the environment, communication patterns and protocol, and proper behavior and etiquette.
As an Iranian and a native Persian speaker, I did not struggle to communicate with my informants despite my slightly noticeable American accent. As I fall into the age bracket of all my informants, I could easily associate and communicate with them both publicly and privately. My ability to relate to the young women in terms of such an intimate and personal topic as marriage facilitated my access to in-depth and minimally censored life narratives. While being so close to my informants was helpful in providing access to this population, it also became challenging for me to maintain my objectivity as a researcher.
This forced me to make a conscious effort at all times to minimize the influence that my personal biases may have on the research procedures and the intended purpose of the study. Participant observation and semi-structured interviews were used to produce individual narratives. Participant observation in larger groups including my informants was used to support these narratives, and provide context for and a look into their daily routines and practices.
Participant observation with both male and female informants was made possible at venues such as coffee shops, restaurants, and their workplaces. Hookah lounges and teahouses were a desirable location where young people spent their time. Cruising in cars was also a hobby in which young men and women engaged, although I was usually accompanied by female informants during this activity.
Coffee shops and restaurants on the outskirts of town were a popular meeting place for my informants because the locations were much more discreet, which they explained decreased their chances of confrontation with relatives or the morality police. Often, my female informants would tell their parents that they were going out with their girlfriends, when in reality they would meet up with guys at these remote locations.
The fear from family was prevalent mainly among women, but the fear from morality police was expressed by both my male and female informants. Morality police is a branch of law enforcement that patrols the public space in order to enforce what is defined by the state as Islamic dress codes and behavior. Young Iranian men and women navigate through town while dodging these patrol cars and stations to the best of their ability in order to avoid potential detention and fines for either inappropriate clothing or inter-gender interactions.
With my female informants I was also able to spend time building rapport in their homes or while shopping. During my stay in Iran, I also gathered data on various ways that the state used media to promote marriage among the young generation. I regularly watched state television channels for the usual satirical drama or comedy series that portrayed the challenges that modern Iranian society faces with regards to marriage.
I also kept up with discussion programs that were aimed at providing guidance and consultation to viewers about marriage. I attended a class with one of my female informants that young couples who are to be married are required to attend at a clinic the same day they have blood tests done to detect genetic compatibility. Additionally, I watched and took notes on many motion pictures recommended by my informants that were produced by Iranian filmmakers and revealed issues concerning marriage for Iranians.
Semi-Structured Interviews The interviews I conducted were with the 11 informants from whom I have narratives. Each interview was roughly two hours long. Follow-up interviews were conducted in a couple of cases after analysis of the interviews required further clarification. Following each interview, my personal reflections were also recorded in a journal that I constantly updated throughout my research.
As marriage and courtship practices are loaded concepts with multiple implications, in order to prevent misguided assumptions from leading the interviews, I requested that each informant guide the direction of the interview. I regularly watched television programs that focused on marriage, and through the guidance of my informants I was introduced to a plethora of Iranian films that were centered on the theme of marriage. As films often portray practical issues dealt with at the socio-cultural level, a thorough analysis of various films provided insight to cultural norms and practices.
Additionally, I discovered a range of Internet resources including an online marriage college, marriage therapy and consultation websites, and a spouse search or dating site. Ethical Considerations Ethical considerations concerned confidentiality. Respondents from the qualitative interviews were assured that their names would not be attached to any information that they provided during the interviews. Selecting the population from a broad geographical context maximized confidentiality for those who participated in interviews.
Procedures for Data Analysis I translated the recorded interviews from Persian to English and transcribed them for analysis. Using these codes, I formulated an index that incorporated the themes that appeared throughout all of my interviews. The data was categorized according to responses and analyzed separately for males and females. Data collected that did not fit well within any of the categories produced was not discarded, and is accounted for in the narratives. Responses that were produced through cues and guided questions were distinguished from those that the respondents offered without any probe.
Whether data that was collected was voluntarily provided by the respondent or was probed for by structured questions was conducive in exploring individual narratives. Finally, a thorough analysis required that interview transcripts be compared to field notes collected through participant observation, to account for consistency. Data Presentation I have presented the data collected from my informants in the form of individual narratives as this research was purely qualitative, aimed at gathering qualitative responses.
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In my presentation of group discussions I have preserved the original dialogue. Throughout my analysis and presentation of data I include transcripts from my fieldwork as Roxanne Varzi does in her work Warring Souls Each excerpt serves to introduce the data that it precedes. I have also divided the summary and analysis of the narratives into sections with subheadings that represent the common theme among the responses from my informants. Walking to a discreet coffee shop to reflect and write after conducting an interview, I chose to take the street that ran parallel to the boulevard where the entrances to the boutique-filled passageways were located.
This street was dimly lit and, therefore, less traveled by young people who dressed to impress members of the opposite gender. Although I had taken extra care in wearing an outfit that was overtly modest—a long and loose tunic, long pants, hair completely tucked away under my scarf—I wanted to avoid crossing paths with members of the morality police who are always stationed at the entrance of the passageway that leads into the busy and well-lit boulevard.
My exposed painted hand and toenails could have attracted a chador-clad woman who would approach me with a warning for my immodest dress and possibly shortly detain me after charging me with a fine. Walking with my head down to avoid falling over the uneven pavement, I noticed the flashing lights of an emergency vehicle. As I raised my head I saw a mini-van painted in the green stripe that signifies the morality police, parked on the sidewalk. I caught a glimpse of the young girl sitting in the backseat through the opened side door.
She was dolled up in elaborate face makeup and an embellished hair- do that was mostly visible from underneath the headscarf that loosely draped over back of her head, and hung open on both sides. She appeared no more than sixteen-years-old. Within a minute, I reached the stairs that led up to my destination. How many more girls are they going to make an example out of? As an outsider and a temporary citizen, this was a palpable second-hand experience of the challenges and consequences of living in a state where the public sphere is heavily patrolled and controlled.
Self-expression in the form of dress and public gender interactions inevitably become influenced to an extent by the presence of this morality police force. As I learned through participant observation and interviews, the presence of such a police force does not ultimately dictate the lifestyles and behavior that young Iranians choose to engage in even in the public sphere. They manage to navigate through public streets in ways that satisfy their inner personal desires for social interactions.
As the police continue to fine and detain violators of Islamic moral codes, young people will refine their techniques of evading or navigating through these hurdles as they tread the path of fulfilling their desires in pursuit of a temporary or permanent partner. The Marriage Contract In Iran, marriage between a man and a woman is recognized in a legally binding contract. This contract focuses on specific conditions under which a woman gets a permanent power of attorney to petition the court to authorize a divorce.
A few of these conditions include: The presence of these conditions is determined by a court judge. In addition to the list of conditions under which a woman is granted the power to petition for a divorce, the contract contains a section where the couple—often with the involvement of their families—stipulates their own conditions.
Although the right to pursue an education is not taken away through marriage, many women include it in this section, especially if the family they are marrying into is a family more traditional or socially conservative, which increases the likelihood that the husband may prefer that the wife does not pursue an education. The State Provides Assistance In its efforts to produce reality and maintain the desired social order, the Islamic Republic uses multiple avenues to help promote marriage and deter divorce.
As an incentive for young couples who avoid marriage due to its financial burden, the government issues financial loans to newlywed couples. Due to the plague of unemployment in Iran, many young men who are not born into wealthy families are forced to put off marriage until they are financially stable. The list contains forty tips for men and forty tips for women.
Both are advised to express their love for their spouse. For women, it recommends that they do not compare their husband to other men, refrain from breaking his pride, and always have a pleasant and attractive disposition. This pamphlet ends with a few reminders: And, Divorce does not mark an end, but a beginning to all of the damages to society. Segregated sex education classes are mandatory at the health center where newlyweds have blood work done to determine if they are genetically compatible for reproduction.
In these classes, instructors offer a one-hour crash course on sex education. I accompanied one of my female informants in this class. As I entered the class for women, I noticed the female instructor welcoming all of the young women while making jokes and adding humor to all of her comments, perhaps in an effort to create a comfortable atmosphere for the discussion of very explicit personal topics pertaining to sex and intimacy.
The average age of the attendees appeared to be between 17 and She also explained to the women that their future spouses are required to have a blood test in order to detect drug addiction or any sexually transmitted diseases. This exam was not to be done on women because it is assumed that they have not had previous sexual partners. The remainder of the class focused on various contraceptives and precautions with pregnancy.
Near the end of class, the instructor distributed a booklet on sex, conception, and marriage. This section stated that men and women who gradually distance themselves intimately through the course of the marriage must seek consultation. Additionally, women should always be presentable for their husband and confident with themselves, occasionally initiating sexual intimacy. The book is also filled with expert advice from psychologists, doctors, and sociologists, and provides a list of websites for young couples to visit for additional resources. Clerics on State Television The Iranian government sponsors programs on state television in the form of discussions with an Islamic cleric about various issues.
Hajjagha Dehnavi recommended that the most important criterion for spouse selection is his or her level of Islamic faith, implying that a stronger faith in Islam by both individuals would contribute to a more successful marriage. A young man was caught in a crisis of being strongly encouraged to marry someone his parents had selected but whom he did not choose. The cleric went on to advise parents and stated that parents possess the right to recommend but that the right to select is solely in the hands of the couple.
Dehnavi strongly emphasized the necessity of allowing young men and women to spend some time together before getting married, in order to get to know one another. He encouraged parents to allow this because limiting the interactions with potential spouses would inevitably cause young people to engage in illicit and inappropriate pre-marital relations with the intention of becoming familiar with one another. On the topic of the existence of love before or after marriage, Dehnavi suggested that love can and will develop after.
Applying it to the majority of marriages that take place, he claimed that the moment when a couple becomes Islamically unified, they experience a metaphysical impact that fosters the emergence of love and passion between the couple. Dehnavi also expressed that women often tell him that if they are in love with a potential spouse, then all other factors for compatibility are insignificant.
He warned against this belief, as he claimed that he has witnessed too many such cases where the relationships soon became ridden with conflict. Finally, Dehnavi recommended that parents express their opinions to their children as long as they are logical. Another cleric had a show that aired at noon, on a local television station in Mashhad.
Ayatollah Amini recommended to those who sought a successful and peaceful marriage to search for a potential spouse who is truly pious. He discussed revelations from the Quran and other stories from the time of the prophet. Amini regretfully admitted that in Iranian society there are many people who practice Islam publicly but do not truly hold it in their hearts. These people may wrong their spouses and cover their behavior with the false cloak of piety. One must therefore be cognizant in their spouse selection and seek out those who sincerely fear God.
The goal is to make this certificate compulsory before any two people can get married. The number of divorces has risen 50 per cent from At the launch of the marriage college in March of , Mohsen Zanganeh reported that the country presently has The minimum age of marriage in Iran is 18 for men and 16 for women and in the last year the average age when people got married was 26 for men and 23 for women Baghernejad The marriage college's course incorporates psychological pointers and Islamic educational principles and three sections cover the period before, during and after marriage.
Moqaddam, a professor of sociology at the University of Tarbiat Moallem, "The conflict between the disintegrating traditional structure and the modern structure taking form in Iran prepares the grounds for identity confusion among men and women. Their goals include guiding families and individuals on what to prioritize when seeking a potential life partner, encouraging young people to consult with their parents and therapists concerning marriage, advertising and persuading young people to marry at the appropriate age, and teaching them how to compromise and cooperate in order to sustain a marriage.
The instructors who run the online classes and respond to user concerns are mostly therapists, researchers, and other professionals who have experience in relationships and marriage. The site is constantly updated with recent news on marriage-related occurrences. The section for commonly asked questions includes topics such as pre-marital relationships, a lack of suitors, sexual relations, and successful relationships.
Users may ask general questions in a forum or send emails directly to specific instructors. The handbook provided to young couples who planned on getting married also included several websites as resources. The religious site tebyan. It also has numerous articles that discuss topics from parenting to solutions for saving an unsuccessful marriage.
Finally, the website strictly concerned with counseling and therapy is This site contains archives of journal articles on psychology, sex education, and marriage and family. It also provides users with access to downloadable electronic books that offer guidance on how to strengthen a family. It is not state- sponsored. Although access to this site is often blocked by the government, users manage to reach it through the use of proxy servers.
Quite different from Saj. The lists are in the form of spreadsheets with criteria that identify each user by age, level and field of education, job, height, weight, eye color, skin tone, and birthplace. For women, there is also a field where they specify their clothing style as moderately conservative, conservative, or ultra conservative. This website is not limited to use by young people. A majority of the users appeared to be from Esfahan, a relatively large metropolitan Iranian city, and the girls appeared to be far more educated than the boys.
Evidently, characteristics of modernity such as autonomy, rationality, free will, and technology have penetrated the contemporary Iranian state and society. Aspects of modernity that do not threaten religious order are articulated in the public sphere by government agencies, government sponsored and controlled media. In the not-too-distant past, love was not an integral part of public discourse surrounding marriage. The classes that couples are required to take as a requisite to signing a marriage contract openly and explicitly discuss sexuality and sexual relationships that couples are to engage in once they are married.
Again, public discourse engages sexuality within the confines of religious codes. Clerics on public television make recommendations about marriage for young people that challenge or even contradict the norms from the previous generation. The state also makes use of modern technology to offer young citizens internet courses through a marriage college. It aims to educate young Iranians and prepare them for how to begin and sustain a successful marriage. Much like a plethora of other government-sponsored websites, this marriage college provides marriage and family advice and therapy regarding all aspects of married life.
Finally, at the society level, the average age of marriage for both men and women is higher than ever before, implying that more young people put off marriage while they are young presumably in exchange for pursuing an education or career. The increase in the age of marriage for women further implies a departure from the belief in the traditional role of the woman as wife and mother before anything else. Pursuing an education for the purpose of establishing a career exposes the shift toward a more autonomous and independent young female population. Instead, both the public and private spheres are accommodating for modern values and traits without exceeding boundaries of acceptability.
Marriage in Iranian Cinema Marriage is an increasingly common theme in many satirical television shows and feature-length films. Some films portray marriage in rural communities and others in various metropolitan centers of Iran. They illuminate common traditional beliefs and practices among Iranians that may easily be critiqued and challenged by rationality.
These films frequently address cultural taboos that society seldom discusses. Allowing the exposure of social and cultural ills would demand an active effort to cure them. Some films of this past decade expose challenges presented by traditional family dynamics which grant parents absolute authority to the extent that any expression of opinion by their children is ignored or becomes a punishable crime.
The two generations are unable to communicate, causing the corrosion of their relationship which often leads to disaster for everyone. His sole concern is to preserve the honor and dignity of his family, even if it means to physically and emotionally destroy his own daughter. Near the end of the film, the daughter agrees to marry a suitor her dad has recommended in spite of knowing that he has deceived her family all along.
She only accepts the proposal out of respect for her father. The arrival of the wedding scene is the moment when the girl refuses to marry the man and fearfully expresses this to her father in the presence of all of the wedding guests. Some young women, as in Negin, escape homes that are poverty-stricken or where the parents are either addicts or incarcerated. This film gradually reveals that girls also escape their homes from the pressures of a highly restrictive environment, where they are deprived of autonomy and possibly subjected to abuse.
Their silence conceals the dishonor. She is assumed to be impure and no longer a virgin. When daughters are too ashamed or afraid to admit they have a drug problem, or have lost their virginity, they find refuge in the dangerous streets. There are numerous films that reveal the desires and struggles of contemporary young Iranian men and women concerning selection of a life partner.
Even with a college degree, Ata goes to great lengths to find a job, but fails, and the thought of being deprived of the woman he loves drives him to attempt to rob a bank. I have a heart too. Is falling in love a crime? Yet, such unrealistic demands are made by many families in Iran today. Instances where families make unreasonable demands are so prevalent that many films portray it.
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They request that a bride-price of , gold coins—which is the equivalent of roughly thirty-seven billion dollars—be paid prior to the engagement. This amount is an exaggeration used to illuminate the fact that bride-prices that are negotiated in Iran today are often ludicrous and unreasonable, and deter many young men from marriage. A young woman he crosses paths with also expresses her distaste for marriage because she previously married a coworker who she later discovered had another wife and children. She divorced him and is determined to stay single for the rest of her life because she has lost trust in men.
Both of these characters represent a sample of the urban Iranian young population in their twenties and the reasons why many of them evade marriage. The parents regretfully express that their children do not understand them, whereas when they were young, they were capable of understanding their own parents who were of a previous generation. They call it love and mutual understanding but the love they claim to experience is actually an empty and worthless obsession, it is not real love.
Forced to deal with children who disregard their input pertaining to marriage, parents inevitably adapt to practices that require them to make a leap from tradition. The essence of a traditional Iranian view of love and marriage is summarized in one statement at the end of the film. Before he sets off on his journey to pursue a young woman he wants to marry, an older police officer tells Sorush that in the past, love was defined by two things: It is implied therefore that for love, a woman will give all of her material wealth for her husband, as a sign of solidarity, commitment, and reliability.
In exchange, it is expected that the man will reciprocate this love by providing a woman with security. In Iranian society, a man was expected to support his wife and family indefinitely, to ensure their comfort and security. This statement contradicts the evolving relationship dynamics and the definition of love and marriage in Iran today. As expressed through narratives, young women appear to be interested in men for their financial assets and men lack the chivalry that their fathers had a generation ago.
Today, more women earn an income which renders them financially independent of their husbands. Women prefer to use their income as a tool to negotiate power and autonomy in the relationship instead of surrendering it to the household, which is believed to be the sole responsibility of the husband, who is traditionally the designated breadwinner. The themes that surface in these films are a wide array of critical issues that young Iranians and their families are confronted with when dealing with marriage.
Wealth and financial means play a pivotal role in granting women power to negotiate relationship dynamics with a spouse to their own advantage. This trend disrupts the traditional marriage and power dynamics between spouses. Parental figures in these films express their concern that young Iranians today have a distorted understanding of love that leads them into ephemeral marriages.
This shift in definitions is exposed in a discussion of the real love that existed in the past, which meant devotion and sacrifice. The requests of the families coupled with increasingly superficial desires of young women become major obstacles for young men who do not have financially privileged families. Consequently, young men are forced to delay marriage until they have accumulated a sufficient amount of material assets and wealth to offer a young woman during courtship.
Several of these films also reveal the ideological gap between generations, emphasizing the incapability of parents to understand the desires of their children as they become adults and begin making decisions for their own futures, often with minimal or no consultation with their parents. Similarly, Tremayne suggests that young Iranians have developed a more individualistic personality that yields the weakening of parental control As Farah drove us to her house, she took us on a detour through a popular city street that was notorious for attracting the most luxurious automobiles that were driven by dolled-up girls and guys.
They casually cruised through the street, with the intention of attracting cars filled with members of the opposite sex. This street had its peak hours when it attracted the heaviest traffic, usually the time when the most luxurious cars made their appearance. Sometimes the same car might cruise the street for over an hour until their goals are achieved. The typical masheen baazy experience goes as follows: