In the jointly ruling dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg , Eric IV and his sons Eric V and John IV , pawned their share in the Bederkesa bailiwick and castle to the Senate of Bremen , including all "they have in the jurisdictions in the Frisian Land of Wursten and in Lehe Bremerhaven , which belongs to the aforementioned castle and Vogtei". During the s, Bremen was often in conflict with the Dutch states. The city began offering contracts to pirates to attack its enemies, and it became a regional hub of piracy.
These pirates targeted foreign shipping around the North Sea and captured numerous vessels. One notorious captain, known as Grote Gherd "Big Gerry" , captured 13 ships from Flanders in a single expedition. In the Prince-Archbishopric was transformed into the Duchy of Bremen , which was first ruled in personal union by the Swedish Crown. When the Protestant Reformation swept through Northern Germany , St Peter's cathedral belonged to the cathedral immunity district German: In , the cathedral chapter which was still Catholic at that time closed St Peter's after a mob consisting of Bremen's burghers had forcefully interrupted a Catholic Mass and prompted a pastor to hold a Lutheran service.
In , the chapter, which had in the meantime become predominantly Lutheran, appointed the Dutch Albert Rizaeus , called Hardenberg, as the first Cathedral pastor of Protestant affiliation. Rizaeus turned out to be a partisan of the Zwinglian understanding of the Lord's Supper , which was rejected by the then Lutheran majority of burghers, the city council, and chapter. So in — after heated disputes — Rizaeus was dismissed and banned from the city and the cathedral again closed its doors.
However, as a consequence of that controversy the majority of Bremen's burghers and city council adopted Calvinism by the s, while the chapter, which was at the same time the body of secular government in the neighbouring Prince-Archbishopric, clung to Lutheranism. This antagonism between a Calvinistic majority and a Lutheran minority, though it had a powerful position in its immunity district mediatised as part of the city in , remained dominant until in the Calvinist and Lutheran congregations of Bremen were reconciled and founded a united administrative umbrella Bremen Protestant Church , which still exists today, comprising the bulk of Bremen's burghers.
At the beginning of the 17th century, Bremen continued to play its double role, wielding fiscal and political power within the Prince-Archbishopric, but not allowing the Prince-Archbishopric to rule in the city without its consent. Soon after the beginning of the Thirty Years' War Bremen declared its neutrality, as did most of the territories in the Lower Saxon Circle. John Frederick , Lutheran Administrator of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, desperately tried to keep his Prince-Archbishopric out of the war, with the complete agreement of the Estates and the city of Bremen.
When in the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands , which was fighting in the Eighty Years' War for its independence against Habsburg 's Spanish and imperial forces, requested its Calvinist co-religionist Bremen to join them, the city refused, but started to reinforce its fortifications.
Holy Cross Church (Neuenwalde Convent)
In the territories comprising the Lower Saxon Circle decided to recruit an army in order to maintain an armed neutrality , since troops of the Catholic League were already operating in the neighbouring Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle and dangerously close to their region. The concomitant effects of the war, debasement of the currency and rising prices, had already caused inflation which was also felt in Bremen. Thus the troops of the Catholic League were otherwise occupied and Bremen seemed relieved. The idea was to win Sweden 's and Denmark 's support, both of which had for a long time sought the destruction of the Hanseatic League.
Christian IV ordered his troops to capture all the important traffic hubs in the Prince-Archbishopric and commenced the Battle of Lutter am Barenberge, on 27 August , where he was defeated by the Leaguist troops under Johan 't Serclaes, Count of Tilly. Christian IV and his surviving troops fled to the Prince-Archbishopric and established their headquarters in Stade. Tilly then invaded the Prince-Archbishopric and captured its southern part. Bremen shut its city gates and entrenched itself behind its improved fortifications. In , Tilly turned on the city, and Bremen paid him a ransom of 10, rixdollars in order to spare it a siege.
The city remained unoccupied throughout the war. In September Francis William of Wartenberg , appointed by Ferdinand II as chairman of the imperial restitution commission for the Lower Saxon Circle, in carrying out the provisions of the Edict of Restitution, ordered the Bremian Chapter, seated in Bremen, to render an account of all the capitular and prince-archiepiscopal estates not to be confused with the Estates.
The Chapter refused, arguing first that the order had not been authorised and later that due to disputes with Bremen's city council, they could not freely travel to render an account, let alone do the necessary research on the estates. The anti-Catholic attitudes of Bremen's burghers and council was to make it completely impossible to prepare the restitution of estates from the Lutheran Chapter to the Roman Catholic Church. Even Lutheran capitulars were uneasy in Calvinistic Bremen.
Bremen's city council ordered that the capitular and prince-archiepiscopal estates within the boundaries of the unoccupied city were not to be restituted to the Catholic Church. The council argued that the city had long been Protestant, but the restitution commission replied that the city was de jure a part of the Prince-Archbishopric, so Protestantism had illegitimately taken over Catholic-owned estates. The city council replied that under these circumstances it would rather separate from the Holy Roman Empire and join the quasi-independent Republic of the Seven Netherlands.
In October an army, newly recruited by John Frederick, started to reconquer the Prince-Archbishopric — helped by forces from Sweden and the city of Bremen. John Frederick returned to office, only to implement the supremacy of Sweden, insisting that it retain supreme command until the end of the war. With the impending enforcement of the military Major Power of Sweden over the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, which was under negotiation at the Treaty of Westphalia , the city of Bremen feared it would fall under Swedish rule too.
Neuenwalde Convent
Therefore, the city appealed for an imperial confirmation of its status of imperial immediacy from Gelnhausen Privilege. Nevertheless, Sweden, represented by its imperial fief Bremen-Verden , which comprised the secularised prince-bishoprics of Bremen and Verden, did not accept the imperial immediacy of the city of Bremen. With this in view, Swedish Bremen-Verden twice waged war on Bremen.
In the city of Bremen had imposed de facto rule in an area around Bederkesa and west of it as far as the lower branch of the Weser near Bremerlehe a part of present-day Bremerhaven. Early in , Bremen-Verden's Swedish troops captured Bremerlehe by force.
When in March the city of Bremen started to recruit soldiers in the area of Bederkesa, in order to prepare for further arbitrary acts, Swedish Bremen-Verden enacted the First Bremian War March to July , arguing that it was acting in self-defence. This treaty left the main issue, the acceptance of the city of Bremen's imperial immediacy, unresolved.
But the city agreed to pay tribute and levy taxes in favour of Swedish Bremen-Verden and to cede its possessions around Bederkesa and Bremerlehe, which was why it was later called Lehe. In the city gained a seat and a vote in the Imperial Diet, despite sharp protest from Swedish Bremen-Verden. So on 15 November Sweden had to sign the Treaty of Habenhausen , obliging it to destroy the fortresses built close to Bremen and banning Bremen from sending its representative to the Diet of the Lower Saxon Circle.
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From then on no further Swedish attempts were made to capture the city. The harbour of Vegesack became part of the city of Bremen in In , the French — as they retreated — withdrew from Bremen. Bremen joined the North German Confederation in and four years later became an autonomous component state of the new-founded German Empire and its successors. The first German steamship was manufactured in in the shipyard of Johann Lange.
In , Bremen, under Johann Smidt, its mayor at that time, purchased land from the Kingdom of Hanover , to establish the city of Bremerhaven Port of Bremen as an outpost of Bremen because the river Weser was silting up. Lloyd was a byword for commercial shipping and is now a part of Hapag-Lloyd.
In , the Bremen Cotton Exchange was founded. Henrich Focke , Georg Wulf and Werner Naumann founded Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau AG in Bremen in ; the aircraft construction company as of [update] forms part of Airbus , [ citation needed ] a manufacturer of civil and military aircraft. Borgward , an automobile manufacturer , was founded in , and is today part of Daimler AG. In the city became an enclave, part of the American occupation zone surrounded by the British zone. In , Martin Mende founded Nordmende , a manufacturer of entertainment electronics.
The company existed until OHB-System , a manufacturer of medium-sized space-flight satellites , was founded in The University of Bremen , founded in , is one of 11 institutions classed as an "Elite university" in Germany, and teaches approximately 23, people from countries. Bremen lies on both sides of the River Weser , about 60 kilometres 37 miles upstream of its estuary on the North Sea and its transition to the Outer Weser by Bremerhaven. Opposite Bremen's Altstadt is the point where the "Middle Weser" becomes the "Lower Weser" and, from the area of Bremen's port, the river has been made navigable to ocean-going vessels.
The region on the left bank of the Lower Weser, through which the Ochtum flows, is the Weser Marshes, the landscape on its right bank is part of the Elbe-Weser Triangle. The city's municipal area is about 38 kilometres 24 miles long and 16 kilometres 10 miles wide. In terms of area, Bremen is the thirteenth largest city in Germany; and in terms of population the second largest city in northwest Germany after Hamburg and the tenth largest in the whole of Germany see: List of cities in Germany.
Part of Bremerhaven 's port territory forms an exclave of the City of Bremen. The inner city lies on a Weser dune, which reaches a natural height of The highest natural feature in the city of Bremen is However, periods in which continental air masses predominate may occur at any time of the year and can lead to heat waves in the summer and prolonged periods of frost in the winter. The record high temperature was Average temperatures have risen continually over the last decades, leading to a 0. As in most parts of Germany, the year has been the warmest year on record averaging Precipitation is distributed fairly even around the year with a small peak in summer mainly due to convective precipitation, i.
Snowfall and the period of snow cover are variable; whereas in some years, hardly any snow accumulation occurs, there has recently been a series of unusually snowy winters, peaking in the record year counting 84 days with a snow cover. The warmest months in Bremen are June, July, and August, with average high temperatures of Typical of its maritime location, autumn tends to remain mild well into October, while spring arrives later than in the southwestern parts of the country.
Number of minorities in Bremen by nationality as of 31 December The legislature is elected by the citizens of Bremen every four years. Bremen has a reputation as a Left-wing city. This left wing atmosphere largely stems from a transition from an industrial economy to a service economy. The Greens have also been very successful in city elections. The state of Bremen , which consists of the city, is governed by a coalition of the Social Democratic Party and The Greens.
The current President is Carsten Sieling. More contemporary tourist attractions include:. The skyscraper Weser Tower designed by Helmut Jahn. Bremen is the second development centre of the region, after Hamburg. It forms part of the production network of Airbus SAS and this is where equipping of the wing units for all widebody Airbus aircraft and the manufacture of small sheet metal parts takes place.
Structural assembly, including that of metal landing flaps, is another focal point. Within the framework of Airbus A production, assembly of the landing flaps high lift systems is carried out here. The pre-final assembly of the fuselage section excluding the cockpit of the AM military transport aircraft takes place before delivery on to Spain. More than 3, persons are employed at Airbus Bremen, the second largest Airbus site in Germany.
The entire process chain for the high-lift elements is established here, including the project office, technology engineering, flight physics, system engineering, structure development, verification tests, structural assembly, wing equipping and ultimate delivery to the final assembly line.
Holy Cross Church (Neuenwalde Convent) — Wikipedia Republished // WIKI 2
In addition, Bremen manufactures sheet metal parts like clips and thrust crests for all Airbus aircraft as part of the Centre of Excellence — Fuselage and Cabin. In past centuries when Bremen's port was the "key to Europe", the city also had a large number of wine importers, but the number is down to a precious few.
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Apart from that there is another link between Bremen and wine: The largest wine cellar in the world is located in Bremen below the city's main square , which was once said to hold over 1 million bottles, but during WWII was raided by occupying forces. A large number of food producing or trading companies are located in Bremen with their German or European headquarters: It has been in operation since The network lies completely within the area of the Bremen-Lower Saxony Transport Association , whose tariff structure applies.
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Bremen is home to the football team Werder Bremen , who won the German Football Championship for the fourth time and the German Football Cup for the fifth time in , making them only the fourth team in German football history to win the double; the club won the German Football Cup for the sixth time in Only Bayern Munich has won more titles. In the final match of the —10 season, Werder Bremen lost to Bayern Munich.
The home stadium of SV Werder Bremen is the Weserstadion , a pure football stadium, almost completely surrounded by solar cells. It is one of the biggest buildings in Europe delivering alternative energy. With students, [47] the University of Bremen is the largest university in Bremen, and is also home to the international Goethe-Institut and the Fallturm Bremen. In , the private Jacobs University Bremen was founded. All major German research foundations maintain institutes in Bremen, with a focus on marine sciences: Bremen is twinned with: Therefore, this site has no control over the copyright issues of the streaming media.
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The oldest known deed on the convent [4] records for that six members of the family of the Lords of Diepholz , [16] owning estates in and near Midlum , founded the nunnery and endowed them to it. Rather than establishing the nunnery as their proprietary monastery the Diepholz family made it over to the cathedral chapter of the Bremen archdiocese. The foundation of the nunnery by six sons [21] of William I, Lord of Diepholz and the disgraced Gottschalk I, Lord of Diepholz , one of the first rulers of the Diepholz Lordship , aiming for their readmittance as a princely ruling family, is therefore also seen as an act of atonement with Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa , against whom his cousin Henry the Lion had rebelled.
Gottschalk I, recorded since , and a loyal vassal of the defeated Henry, is said to have had joined him into his exile with the English king in Pancras Church, [23] which existed before, was integrated into the convent. In Emperor Frederick II issued a writ of protection in favour of the convent [17] and thus confirmed and acknowledged the foundation, denoting it a Cistercian nunnery.
No hint is recorded that the convent strove to be incorporated into the Cistercian Order. It is also possible that the convent followed Cistercian customs without formal incorporation. Lowland Clearances transforming them into dependent agrarian workers or cotters smallholders who need additional work and most of their fields into the convent's demesne.
All over the parish of Midlum, e. The convent cleared the latter two villages from peasants which were thus abandoned. The convent's demesne expansion meant the exclusive usage of geest forests, mires and heathes , previously also commonly used by the free Frisian peasants from the mostly treeless Land of Wursten in order to gain turf , firewood, timber and the fertilising plaggen.
The free Wursten Frisians disliked the noble establishment of a convent in their vicinity and treated the nuns with resentment. In the same time knightly families from the geest aimed at subjecting the Wursten Frisians to their feudal overlordship in order to gain more from unpaid feudal labour and by compelling feudal dues and duties. After the victory the Land of Wursten occupied the Midlum parish. Under the rule of the consuls of the Land of Wursten the demesne expansion of the convent was successfully hindered.
Willehadus Chapel on the Mount i. In the new location the convent became a Benedictine nunnery. Even after the move the convent asserted most of its feudal possessions and privileges in the Midlum parish. Low Saxon Nig h enwolde i. With the relocation close to the watermill the convent started the colonisation of its new vicinity. Neuenwalde became a parish of its own and its precinct was redistricted from the St. On the occasion of the move the convent received the ius patronatus to the Altenwalde Ss. Cosmas and Damian Church from Hadeln's archdeacon who was compensated with the patronate to the St.
The Tiebusch, a hill of They were subject to regular serjeanty and to additional services on demand so-called unmeasured services; German: Most lands of the convent were located on the hardly rank sandy Hohe Lieth, thus the nunnery was not rich and the convent buildings rather modest. They again lost this pawn to the city of Bremen , when in its troops stopped the three Mandelsloh brothers in their attempt to coin pawns from lending to Prince-Archbishop Albert II into territorial power.
At that time the nunnery experienced a period of economic and political stability. In the convent opened a tile-making and brick-works and acquired the necessary rights, land and wood for this purpose from the Knights of Elm in Elmlohe. In the convent received an indulgence-privilege allowing for the reconstruction of the cloister, granted by the papal legate , Cardinal Raymond Peraudi. In , at Eytzen's request, John III issued a writ confirming her election and her power in all conventual matters.
In the convent's association with the Bursfelde Congregation, only admitting friaries as full members, was acknowledged. Paul's Friary and the abbess of Heiligenrode Nunnery. Christopher the Spendthrift declared Wursten's autonomous constitution nul and void and obtained his imperial enfeoffment with Wursten at the Diet of Augsburg of On 4 August the consuls of the Land of Wursten, [76] [77] and envoys of the prince-archbishop met on the Wursten thingstead in order to fix the amount and to discuss the levying of the taxes.
For the upcoming prince-archiepiscopal response the Wursten Frisians allied with their former enemy Duke Magnus I of Saxe-Lauenburg, who confirmed their autonomy in return for rendering him homage. The Wursten Frisians saw their chance and covered the borderland adjacent to Wursten, including the Neuenwalde seigniorial bailiwick, with raids and attacks. In Prioress Wachmans appealed to the Wursten Consuls not to incite or even undertake the ravaging of houses and looting of grain and firewood from the convent's feudal tenants.
The prince-archbishop then installed a Vogt i.
Synonyms and antonyms of Kötner in the German dictionary of synonyms
In the s, with the advent of the Lutheran Reformation the convent suffered and lost several of its temporalities and spiritualities. Willehadus Chapel in Altenwalde was incorporated , [41] whereas until the s the convent could enforce its ius praesentandi over the Churches of Ss. Cosmas and Damian [88] in Altenwalde, St. Pancras in Midlum, St. George in Spieka , and St. Neuenwalde serfs evaded Catholic Holy Masses and attended Lutheran services in churches outside their parish, they further refused performing tithe and serjeanty.
Prince-Archbishop Christopher's prodigality urged him to clutch at any available possessions in order to sell and pledge them so to satisfy his creditors. Therefore in the city of Bremen, considering the Neuenwalde Convent with also Bremian patrician daughters among its conventuals and its vicinity to Bremen's Bederkesa bailiwick part of its sphere of interest, obtained a writ of protection from Emperor Charles V for the Neuenwalde Convent preventing any pecuniary injuries by Prince-Archbishop Christopher.
The steadfastly Catholic Prioress Dorothea von der Hude upheld Catholic faith in the nunnery and its seigniorial precinct, supported by Hadeln's and Wursten's Archdeacon Ludolf Klencke, also cathedral dean in Bremen. Cosmas and Damian in Altenwalde, however, binding him to refrain from any hetz against the nuns. Prioress von der Hude was succeeded by the likewise Catholic Anna Brummers.
In the first Lutheran pastor is recorded for the Neuenwalde parish. Since the preachers were to be appointed in consensus with the prioress, the employment of a Lutheran pastor indicates the conversion of most nuns to Lutheranism too. The nunnery as an institution to sustain unmarried women, Catholic nuns and Lutheran conventuals side by side, was to be maintained, thus it was transformed into a Lutheran damsels' convent.
In the convent and the Land of Hadeln settled a long-lasting boundary dispute within the scope of the Buxtehude Recess. Cosmas and Damian Church in Altenwalde. Paul's Friary outside of Bremen visited the convent in order to invest new Catholic nuns. After Administrator regnant John Frederick had found the convent in disorder as to the discipline unchastity and the management, in he decreed a new monastic order, prescribing to learn according to Luther's Catechism. Meanwhile Christian IV of Denmark, Duke of Holstein , since May officiating in the latter of his functions as Circle Colonel commander-in-chief of the joint troops of the Lower Saxon Circle , and allied with the Anglo-Dutch war coalition , concentrated Lower Saxon troops in the prince-archbishopric and ordered additional Dutch , English and French troops to land in the prince-archbishopric.
Wallenstein invaded Christian IV's Duchy of Holstein , who therefore deployed his forces in order to fight that invasion. Tilly then invaded the exposed prince-archbishopric and captured its southern parts. The Bremian cities shut their gates and entrenched behind their fortifications. Tilly captured one fortified city after the other. In March Emperor Ferdinand II had decreed the Edict of Restitution , by which possessions of Roman Catholic ecclesiastical entities converted after Peace of Passau to Protestantism , Calvinist or Lutheran alike, and acquired before the conversion, and possessions deprived after from Catholic entities had to be restituted to Catholic institutions.
A Jesuit college based in Stade was installed in order to Catholicise the population in the Bremen prince-archbishopric. In December subdelegates of the Restitution Commission appeared in Neuenwalde in order to take possession of the convent. In the second half of April , after the Swedish victory in the Battle of Rain , the Imperialist and Leaguist forces left the prince-archbishopric and with them the foreign Catholic clergy.
Highly indebted as he was after recruiting and arming his troops allied with the Swedes, he brought in a bill to confiscate all the monasteries in the prince-archbishopric. With the leaguist occupiers gone and John Frederick's death in the greatest antagonists to the continued existence of the convents had disappeared, since the estates supporting them prevailed again. The conventuals committed themselves to live a life pleasing to the Lord German: By the Peace of Westphalia in the prince-archiepiscopal elective monarchy was secularised as the heritable Duchy of Bremen, which was jointly ruled with the new Principality of Verden , as Bremen-Verden , since both imperial fiefs were bestowed on the Swedish crown.
The Knighthood objected the Swedish closure of all damsels' convents [] in the Duchy of Bremen and tried to rescue at least one of them. Through the statute the Knighthood committed itself to provide "necessary sustenance of noble damsels" German: The Convent Statute stipulated that the conventuals must not wear gold or silver jewellery, and should don preferently black or white cloth, allowing also silk. Conventuals were allowed to temporarily leave the convent, e.
In the Knighthood had claimed the advowson, including it in the monastic statute Klosterordnung royally confirmed in the same year, erroneously assuming the advowson had been with Degingk before. George I ordered the Hanoverian Privy Council to defray the payments. The dike reconstruction was a lengthy and costly effort for the convent and the other parties holding land in the area. From to the Altes Kloster building was extended by a timber-framed southern wing in order to increase the lodgings. Living in the convent provided the women with a reliable living and allowed a conduct of life not influenced and depending on the goodwill by male kinsfolk.
British, Swedish and Russian coalition forces took over. After the end of the French annexation — it took some time until the convent was restituted to the Knighthood. In the conventuals returned, their number was increased to 14 and remained at that level throughout the nineteenth century. Between and King William IV of Hanover and the United Kingdom decreed several acts allowing tenant farmers to become proprietors of the land they tilled [] thus effectuating the emancipation of the serfs in the Kingdom of Hanover , [] of which Bremen-Verden formed part since However, the laws paved the way for the emancipation, but specific procedures, in order to find out the actual dues, monetarised or in kind alike, the lands subject to socage, the services to be delivered to the masters, and fixing the payments redeeming these burdens, and finally assigning the lands as property to the former tenants and the former lords, only started on request of the tenants wishing their emancipation.
Unlike the earlier emancipation of the serfs in Prussia , with redemption procedures starting in the Hanoverian laws provided only for payments, in instalments, but not generally for cessions of land the tenants tilled, in order to compensate their former feudal lords. In the convent still concluded a new feudal tenancy. In and bombed out people from cities such as Bremen, Bremerhaven and Hamburg and refugees and expellees from the eastern territories of Germany were billeted in the convent.
In the s they gradually evacuated the building again to other places labour migration or into newly built homes in the area.