His descriptions of the wildlife, geography, and waterways of the Ozarks introduced the region to readers in the East. He was overly critical of their perceived lack of education and rustic, frontier lifestyle. After he left Missouri, Schoolcraft spent the rest of his life as an employee of the federal government.
In he was appointed Indian agent for tribes in the Upper Great Lakes region. The following year he married Jane Johnston, an educated and accomplished woman of Ojibwa and Scots-Irish ancestry. Jane helped Schoolcraft gather and record Native American languages, history, folklore, and customs.
The following year he suffered a severe stroke, but with the help of his second wife, Schoolcraft published Historical and Statistical Information Respecting the History, Condition and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States in six volumes. Although it was full of useful information, it was poorly organized and not indexed, and thus was not widely used. After years of declining health and a series of strokes, Henry Rowe Schoolcraft died penniless on December 10, , in Washington, DC.
The following is a selected list of books, articles, and manuscripts about Henry Rowe Schoolcraft in the research centers of The State Historical Society of Missouri. All links will open in a new tab. Henry Rowe Schoolcraft - Moses Austin named the town Potosi after the famous silver mining city of the same name in Bolivia. White River White River.
White River near Hollister, Missouri, circa Schoolcraft traveled on the White River during his journey through the Ozarks. When Schoolcraft embarked on his trip through the Ozarks, Missouri was still a territory, not a state. This illustration depicts life on the Missouri frontier around One man is preparing his rifle to go on a hunt while another is cleaning a carcass. Young boys engage in a moment of play while a girl churns butter. In Schoolcraft led an expedition to Lake Itasca, the source of the headwaters of the Mississippi River The Mississippi River runs south from northern Minnesota to the Gulf of Mexico and is considered the chief river in North America's largest drainage system.
Bordering Missouri on the east, the river flows for 2, miles. Along with the Missouri River and several other tributaries such as the Ohio River, the Mississippi became part of the nation's first major transportation system in the early s after the invention of the steamboat. Missouri has historically engaged in international trade by shipping and receiving goods along the Mississippi through the port of New Orleans, which lies at the river's mouth. Geographers study the space and the temporal database distribution of phenomena, processes, because space and place affect a variety of topics, such as economics, health, climate, plants and animals, geography is highly interdisciplinary.
The interdisciplinary nature of the approach depends on an attentiveness to the relationship between physical and human phenomena and its spatial patterns. In a word Geography is a Science—a thing not of mere names but of argument and reason, of cause, just as all phenomena exist in time and thus have a history, they also exist in space and have a geography. Geography as a discipline can be split broadly into two main fields, human geography and physical geography.
The former largely focuses on the environment and how humans create, view, manage. The latter examines the environment, and how organisms, climate, soil, water. The difference between these led to a third field, environmental geography, which combines physical and human geography. Physical geography focuses on geography as an Earth science and it aims to understand the physical problems and the issues of lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, pedosphere, and global flora and fauna patterns.
Physical geography can be divided into broad categories, including, Human geography is a branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns. It encompasses the human, political, cultural, social, and it requires an understanding of the traditional aspects of physical and human geography, as well as the ways that human societies conceptualize the environment. Integrated geography has emerged as a bridge between the human and the geography, as a result of the increasing specialisation of the two sub-fields.
Examples of areas of research in the environmental geography include, emergency management, environmental management, sustainability, geomatics is concerned with the application of computers to the traditional spatial techniques used in cartography and topography. Geologist — A geologist is a scientist who studies the solid and liquid matter that constitutes the Earth as well as the processes that shape it. Geologists usually study geology, although backgrounds in physics, chemistry, biology, field work is an important component of geology, although many subdisciplines incorporate laboratory work.
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Some geologists work in the mining business searching for metals, oils and they are also in the forefront of natural hazards and disasters prevention and mitigation, studying natural hazards such as earthquakes, volcanic activity, tsunamis, weather storms. Their studies are used to warn the public of the occurrence of these events. Geologists are also important contributors to climate change discussions, james Hutton is often viewed as the first modern geologist. In he presented a paper entitled Theory of the Earth to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Hutton published a two-volume version of his ideas in The first geological map of the U.
Almost every state in the Union was traversed and mapped by him and this antedates William Smiths geological map of England by six years, although it was constructed using a different classification of rocks. Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology and this book, which influenced the thought of Charles Darwin, successfully promoted the doctrine of uniformitarianism. This theory states that slow geological processes have occurred throughout the Earths history and are still occurring today, in contrast, catastrophism is the theory that Earths features formed in single, catastrophic events and remained unchanged thereafter.
Though Hutton believed in uniformitarianism, the idea was not widely accepted at the time, most geologists also need skills in GIS and other mapping techniques. Geology students often spend portions of the year, especially the summer though sometimes during a January term, geologists may concentrate their studies or research in one or more of the following disciplines, Dendrochronology, the study of dating based on tree ring patterns.
Economic geology, the study of ore genesis, and the mechanisms of ore creation, geochemistry, the applied branch deals with the study of the chemical makeup and behaviour of rocks, and the study of the behaviour of their minerals. Geochronology, the study of isotope geology specifically toward determining the date within the past of rock formation, metamorphism, mineralization and geological events. Geomorphology, the study of landforms and the processes that create them Hydrogeology, igneous petrology, the study of igneous processes such as igneous differentiation, fractional crystallization, intrusive and volcanological phenomena.
Isotope geology, the case of the composition of rocks to determine the processes of rock. Metamorphic petrology, the study of the effects of metamorphism on minerals, marine geology, the study of the seafloor, involves geophysical, geochemical, sedimentological and paleontological investigations of the ocean floor and coastal margins. Marine geology has strong ties to physical oceanography and plate tectonics, palaeoclimatology, the application of geological science to determine the climatic conditions present in the Earths atmosphere within the Earths history.
Ethnology — Ethnology is the branch of anthropology that compares and analyzes the characteristics of different peoples and the relationship between them. Ethnology has been considered a field since the late 18th century especially in Europe and is sometimes conceived of as any comparative study of human groups.
The 15th-century exploration of America by European explorers had an important role in formulating new notions of the Occidental, such as and this term was used in conjunction with savages, which was either seen as a brutal barbarian, or alternatively, as noble savage. However, the claims of such cultural universalism have been criticized by various 19th and 20th century social thinkers, including Marx, Nietzsche, Foucault, Derrida, Althusser, list of scholars of ethnology Forster, Johann Georg Adam.
Mississippi River — The Mississippi River is the chief river of the largest drainage system on the North American continent. Flowing entirely in the United States, it rises in northern Minnesota, with its many tributaries, the Mississippis watershed drains all or parts of 31 U. The Mississippi ranks as the fourth longest and fifteenth largest river in the world by discharge, the river either borders or passes through the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Native Americans long lived along the Mississippi River and its tributaries, most were hunter-gatherers, but some, such as the Mound Builders, formed prolific agricultural societies.
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The arrival of Europeans in the 16th century changed the way of life as first explorers, then settlers. The river served first as a barrier, forming borders for New Spain, New France, and the early United States, and then as a vital transportation artery and communications link. Formed from thick layers of the silt deposits, the Mississippi embayment is one of the most fertile agricultural regions of the country. In recent years, the river has shown a shift towards the Atchafalaya River channel in the Delta.
The word itself comes from Messipi, the French rendering of the Anishinaabe name for the river, see below in the History section for additional information. In addition to historical traditions shown by names, there are at least two measures of a rivers identity, one being the largest branch, and the other being the longest branch.
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Using the largest-branch criterion, the Ohio would be the branch of the Lower Mississippi. Using the longest-branch criterion, the Middle Mississippi-Missouri-Jefferson-Beaverhead-Red Rock-Hellroaring Creek River would be the main branch and its length of at least 3, mi is exceeded only by the Nile, the Amazon, and perhaps the Yangtze River among the longest rivers in the world.
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The source of this waterway is at Browers Spring,8, feet above sea level in southwestern Montana and this is exemplified by the Gateway Arch in St. It is common to qualify a regionally superlative landmark in relation to it, the New Madrid Seismic Zone along the river is also noteworthy.
These various basic geographical aspects of the river in turn underlie its human history and present uses of the waterway, the Upper Mississippi runs from its headwaters to its confluence with the Missouri River at St. The source of the Upper Mississippi branch is traditionally accepted as Lake Itasca,1, feet above sea level in Itasca State Park in Clearwater County, however, the lake is in turn fed by a number of smaller streams.
From its origin at Lake Itasca to St. Louis, Missouri, fourteen of these dams are located above Minneapolis in the headwaters region and serve multiple purposes, including power generation and recreation. The remaining 29 dams, beginning in downtown Minneapolis, all locks and were constructed to improve commercial navigation of the upper river.
Its northern border is formed by the Mohawk River, at its confluence with the Hudson River, as of the census, the population was , The county seat is Albany, the state capital, as originally established by the English government in the colonial era, Albany County had an indefinite amount of land, but has had an area of square miles since March 3, Albanys boundaries were defined more closely as various state statutes would add land to the county, Albany was established as a city in by Governor Dongan through the Dongan Charter after the English took over the colony.
Schenectady to the west was given a patent with some rights in The Manor of Rensselaerswyck was created as a district within the county in , the west district included all of what is now Albany County with the exception of what lands were in the city of Albany at that time. Though the Manor of Rensselaerswyck was the district in what is today Albany County. Pittstown in , and Duanesburgh in , were created as townships, but when districts were created in , those townships were incorporated into new districts, Pittstown in Schaghticoke and Duanesburgh into the United Districts of Duanesburgh and Schoharie.
Schenectady was made from a borough to a district in as well, other districts established in were Hoosick, Coxsackie, Cambridge, Saratoga, Halfmoon, Kinderhook, Kings, Claverack, Great Imboght, and the Manor of Livingston. In a census of , there were 1, individuals living in Albany County, by the end of the war in , the population had dropped to 1,, but rebounded quickly and was at 2, by By , it had increased to 6, and in to 8,, in , the inhabitants of Albany County would outnumber those of New York County by 17 people.
In , Albany County, with 42, people, was the largest county in colonial New York, according to the first Federal Census in , Albany County reached 75, inhabitants and was still the largest county in the state. On March 7,, the state of New York divided the state into towns eliminating districts as administrative units by passing New York Laws of At that time it included all of New York state north of Dutchess and Ulster counties, all of what is now Bennington County in Vermont, on May 27,, Albany County was adjusted to gain an indefinite amount of land from Dutchess County and other non-county lands.
Lawrence watershed westward to the St. Lawrence River, implicitly setting the limit of Albany County. Founded in , it was the first institution of higher learning chartered by the New York State Board of Regents, in the 19th century, it became the Mother of Fraternities, as three of the earliest such organizations were established there.
After years as a traditional institution, Union College began enrolling women in The college offers an arts curriculum across some 21 academic departments, as well as opportunities for interdepartmental majors. Places of higher learning were few in the days of the Americas. Officially chartered in , Union can trace its beginnings to , by , another 16 surviving colleges had been chartered or founded in the United States, to bring the total to 25 at the end of the 18th century.
But, in the years between the American Revolution and Civil War, the foundations of permanent colleges were laid in the United States. Hundreds more were born but proved short-lived, largely because of financial limitations, of the colleges and universities founded in those years, well over a hundred appeared outside the original thirteen colonies.
Union College, like many of these, was founded in what was nearly a wilderness, in the town of Schenectady, New York on the Mohawk River, at the time, the town had fewer than 4, residents. The cities of Syracuse, Rochester, and Buffalo did not yet exist, and western New York was very sparsely settled, Unions charter was 16 years in the making. Even before the Revolution had ended, a new rising democratic tide was overtaking the colonists, the old ways, and in particular the old purposes and structure of higher education, were being pushed aside.
Practical education for the new man of commerce and politics was the new desire, not just classical education for the professions, every hamlet and rude settlement aspired to become an Athens of the West, and Schenectady was no exception. The Mohawk and Hudson River regions were for the most part dominated by the Dutch in those years, Queens College, while intended in part to provide a classical education, had also been founded specifically to train ministers in the Dutch Reformed Church.
This has been said by some to be the first expression in America of a demand for higher education. This petition, along with a one in , failed in its purpose. In the meantime, the Dutch Church continued to show an interest in establishing an academy or college under its control in Schenectady. Middlebury College — Middlebury College is a private liberal arts college located in Middlebury, Vermont. The college was founded in by Congregationalists making it the first operating college or university in Vermont, the college currently enrolls 2, undergraduates from all 50 states and 74 countries.
Middlebury offers 44 majors in the arts, humanities, literature, foreign languages, social sciences, the college is the first American institution of higher education to have granted a bachelors degree to an African-American, graduating Alexander Twilight in the class of Middlebury was also one of the first formerly all-male liberal arts colleges in New England to become a coeducational institution, in , May Belle Chellis was the first woman to graduate and she was the valedictorian.
Middlebury was listed as tied for the fourth-best liberal arts college in the U. The school is known for its programs that focus on language, political science. Middlebury received its charter on November 1,, as an outgrowth of the Addison County Grammar School. The Colleges first president—Jeremiah Atwater—began classes a few later, making Middlebury the first operating college or university in Vermont.
One student named Aaron Petty graduated at the first commencement held in August , the Colleges founding religious affiliation was loosely Congregationalist. Yet the idea for a college was that of town rather than clergymen. Chief among its founders were Seth Storrs and Gamaliel Painter, the credited with the idea for a college. In addition to receiving a diploma upon graduation, Middlebury graduates also receive a replica of Gamaliel Painters cane, Painter bequeathed his original cane to the College and it is carried by the College President at official occasions including first-year convocation and graduation.
At its second commencement in , Middlebury granted Lemuel Haynes an honorary masters degree, the first female graduate—May Belle Chellis—received her degree in York and Sawyer designed the Egbert Starr Library, a Beaux-Arts edifice later expanded and renamed the Axinn Center, growth in enrollment and the endowment led to continued expansion westward.
The national fraternity Kappa Delta Rho was founded in Painter Hall on May 17,, Middlebury College abolished fraternities in the early s, but the organization continued on campus in the less ritualized form of a social house.
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Due to a policy at the school against single-sex organizations, the house was forced to coeducate during the period as well. Glass — Glass is a non-crystalline amorphous solid that is often transparent and has widespread practical, technological, and decorative usage in, for example, window panes, tableware, and optoelectronics. The most familiar, and historically the oldest, types of glass are silicate glasses based on the chemical compound silica, the primary constituent of sand.
The term glass, in usage, is often used to refer only to this type of material. Many applications of silicate glasses derive from their optical transparency, giving rise to their use as window panes. Glass can be coloured by adding metallic salts, and can also be painted and printed with vitreous enamels and these qualities have led to the extensive use of glass in the manufacture of art objects and in particular, stained glass windows.
Although brittle, silicate glass is extremely durable, and many examples of glass fragments exist from early glass-making cultures, because glass can be formed or moulded into any shape, it has been traditionally used for vessels, bowls, vases, bottles, jars and drinking glasses. In its most solid forms it has also used for paperweights, marbles. Some objects historically were so commonly made of glass that they are simply called by the name of the material, such as drinking glasses.
Porcelains and many polymer thermoplastics familiar from everyday use are glasses and these sorts of glasses can be made of quite different kinds of materials than silica, metallic alloys, ionic melts, aqueous solutions, molecular liquids, and polymers. For many applications, like glass bottles or eyewear, polymer glasses are a lighter alternative than traditional glass, silica is a common fundamental constituent of glass. In nature, vitrification of quartz occurs when lightning strikes sand, forming hollow, fused quartz is a glass made from chemically-pure SiO2.
It has excellent resistance to shock, being able to survive immersion in water while red hot. However, its high melting-temperature and viscosity make it difficult to work with, normally, other substances are added to simplify processing. One is sodium carbonate, which lowers the transition temperature. As novice explorers, they suffered several setbacks: More than once, they were simply lost in the woods. But he described the land as sterile: His work brought some personal notice, and Schoolcraft later became an Indian agent to the Upper Great Lakes tribes and was a key figure in negotiations to turn over millions of Indian acres to the United States.
In , he married Jane Johnston, a part Ojibwa Indian who, with her mother, recounted and compiled many oral tales from Indian lore. He became an ethnologist, Indian historian, and expert on Indian languages and customs. As an explorer, Schoolcraft determined the source of the Mississippi River at Lake Itasca in northern Minnesota in After moving to Washington DC in , Schoolcraft suffered a paralytic stroke and lived out his later years as an invalid whose health steadily deteriorated. He died at age seventy-one on December 10,