A history of writing in Japan. Brill's Japanese studies library. World Encyclopedia of Library and Information Services. National Treasures of Japan. Castles Residences Shrines Temples structures related to industry, transportation and public works other structures. Historical materials Paintings Sculptures Japanese books Chinese books other written material Ancient documents Archaeological materials Swords other crafts. Cultural Properties of Japan. Lists of National Treasures Japan. List of Important Cultural Landscapes.
Groups of Traditional Buildings. Conservation Techniques for Cultural Properties. List of Selected Conservation Techniques. Retrieved from " https: Liu Bang assumed the title emperor at the urging of his followers and is known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu, Changan was chosen as the new capital of the reunified empire under Han 3. Japanese architectural history began to appear on curricula, and the first books on history were published, stimulated by the newly compiled inventories of buildings 4.
Financial support for purchasing and conserving designated land and for the utilization of the site is available through local governments, as of 1 February , there were 1, Historic Sites, Places of Scenic Beauty, and Natural Monuments 5.
Civilization culture
Provinces controlled by Han dynasty in AD. A spade-shaped bronze coin issued during Wang Mang 's r. The Gansu Flying Horse , depicted in full gallop, bronze sculpture , h Wuwei , Gansu , China, AD 25— An Eastern-Han bronze statuette of a mythical chimera qilin , 1st century AD. Molded-brick mural, identified as the " Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove and Rong Qiqi", one of two walls apart of the coffin found in a tomb of the capital region of the Southern dynasties 5th-6th.
This part of the murals may reflect a composition of the famous Lu Tanwei, considered as the single greatest painter of all times by the Chinese critic Xi He act. We can recognize Ji Kang , on the left, under a gingko tree. Hunping jar of the Western Jin, with Buddhist figures.
Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove. Lacquer toiletry case with cart wheels in stream design. Uda Mikumari Shrine in Uda , Nara. Noh performance at Itsukushima Shrine. It was made by Busshi Unkei in Head of a Guardian, 13th century. Hinoki wood with lacquer on cloth, pigment, rock crystal, metal. Before entering most Japanese Buddhist temples, visitors must pass large and imposing sculptures of ferocious guardian figures whose role is to protect the premises from the enemies of the religion. The aggressive stances and exaggerated facial features of these figures stand in sharp contrast to the calm demeanor of the Buddha enshrined inside.
Japanese samurai boarding Mongol ships in The Song dynasty Chinese: Emperor Taizu of Song r. Cizhou ware pillow of Northern Song dynasty with incised decoration and iron-pigmented black slip with the image of a bird. A Liao polychrome wood-carved statue of Guanyin , Shanxi — A seated wooden Bodhisattva statue, Jin dynasty — Two women praying in front of a shrine. The shrine extant is above. A roadside hokora dedicated to kami Inari. Aichi Prefectural Government Office.
Satellite photo of Mikawa Bay. Haniwa funerary object of a chicken, Kofun period. From the collection of the Shibayama Haniwa Museum. A sightseeing boat in Yanagawa Canal. Itami Machinakanaka Bar On-street performance. Prefectural office of Kanagawa in Yokohama. Minato Mirai 21 , Yokohama.
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The Great Wave off Kanagawa original print. Kyoto montage c 4. Asahiyama uji Skyline of Kyoto City. Down town of Kyoto City. Mie coastline, near Toba. The capital is Sendai. Sendai Station in August Suzume Dancing Event in Aoba Festival. Aoba Festival of Sendai. The capital is the city of Nara. The red autumn leaves in Yoshino. Tanzan Shrine in autumn. Diamond district in Umeda. Lake Biwa in Shiga Prefecture viewed from space. Ashikaga from Nearby Mountain. Ashikaga Gakko's main gate.
Saikazaki Wakaura 01bs Wakayama castle 02s Shimonoseki and Kanmon Strait. The East Pagoda of Yakushi-ji temple was built in , during the Nara period. A handscroll painting dated circa , illustrating a scene from the "Bamboo River" chapter of the Tale of Genji. The handscroll is a long narrow scroll for displaying a series of scenes in East Asian painting and calligraphy.
Qian Xuan Early Autumn.
The concept of the Three Kingdoms of Korea Hangul: Bangasayusang , 7th century. An unusual drinking vessel excavated from a Gaya mounded burial. The first song of the Classic of Poetry, handwritten by the Qianlong Emperor , with accompanying painting. Map of states during Western Zhou period. Image of a bronze figure of Confucius. Title page of a Song dynasty c. Fifty yarrow Achillea millefolium subsp. The Arabic numerals were added by Leibniz. Shang dynasty inscribed tortoise plastron. Shotoku Taishi by Kogan Zenji. Asuka dera Prince Shotoku. Tang dynasty Zhuangzi manuscript preserved in Japan s replica.
Emperor Minghuang, seated on a terrace, observes Li Bai write poetry while having his boots taken off Qing dynasty illustration. Portrait of Bai Juyi by Chen Hongshou. Picture of Bai Juyi from the book "Wan hsiao tang". Temple of Confucius of Jiangyin , Wuxi , Jiangsu.
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Confucius , painting from circa Confucius and disciples, statues of the Ashikaga Gakko , a Confucian school and oldest academy of Japan. The Tang dynasty or the Tang Empire Chinese: The Sui Dynasty Chinese: A Sui dynasty pilgrim flask made of stoneware.
A Sui dynasty stone statue of the Avalokitesvara Boddhisattva Guanyin. Nagoya city night view. Down Town of Sakae Town. Skyline of Nagoya City. An aerial view of Sendai harbour after the earthquake, 12 March A portrait of Confucius by the Ming dynasty artist Qiu Ying c. The Analects of Confucius. Yuukarigaoka district of Sakura. De Liefde Windmill, constructed in Flag of Sakura, Chiba.
Uji Bridge, entrance to the Inner Shrine. Meoto Iwa, the "wedded rocks". A hanging scroll Chinese: Hanging scroll 7a 33a 8. Chinese hanging scroll painting on display in Shanghai Museum. Section of a painting displaying a Xuanhezhuang hanging scroll. Portrait of Confucius, giving a lecture. The modern city was founded on April 1, View of Headquarter in Tenri religious community, Top right: Tenri religious school, Middle left: View of a point of side of mount Miwa road, Middle right: Stone site in Ryuo Mount Castle, Bottom: Gate of Isonokami Jingu. Flag of Tenri, Nara.
Symbol of Tenri, Nara. Tokyo City in Flag of Tokyo Prefecture. Imperial Seal of Japan. Flag of Koya Wakayama. Koya in Wakayama Prefecture Ja. Tokyo Tokyo Private private, Tokyo. Oldest extant copy of a portion of Wang Bo 's 30 scroll collected writings: One handscroll , ink on paper, One scroll , ink on paper. Emperor Gaozong of Song. One scroll , ink on paper, Part of a 30 volume Chinese character dictionary; one half of an extant complete volume [nb 7].
One scroll, ink on paper, Part of a 30 volume Chinese character dictionary; one half of an extant complete volume [nb 8]. Genpisho, a document on the research of era names. One scroll of six pages, ink on paper, One scroll, ink on linen paper, Three scrolls , ink on paper, height: Abridged copy of "Score for the seven-stringed zither" guqin ; transcription of the original by the zither player Qiugong also known as Ming from Huiji province; in text explanation of the finger movements to perform the piece "Elegant Orchid" and titles of 59 pieces at the end; original lost in China.
Chronicle of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty [57]. Two scrolls , ink on paper. Chronicle of the Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty. Part of a 30 volume work; backside contains considerations on the Diamond Realm. Transcription; end sheet with red ink marks of ministries of ceremonies. Annotated editions of the Chinese medical text Huangdi Neijing ; transcribed and handed down in the Tanba family. Two scrolls ; Taiso: Kyoto Kyoto Ninnaji Ninna-ji , Kyoto.
Tang Dynasty imperial poetry collection; other manuscripts of work had been lost in China as early as 9th century. Tang Dynasty imperial poetry collection; work had been lost in China as early as 9th century. Part of a 30 volume Chinese character dictionary; one of two extant complete volumes of the work [nb 11]. Description of people and geography of ancient Japan, the Three Kingdoms of Korea and China; only extant old manuscript of this work.
One scroll , ink on paper, 28 sheets of 22—23 lines each with 16—17 characters per line Part of an anthology of Chinese poems by Tang Dynasty poets containing 40 poems lines ; only extant part of this work. Account of the life [nb 12] in the capitals Luoyang and Chang'an; other manuscripts of this work had been lost in China; formerly stored at the Kanazawa Bunko library.
Seven scrolls , ink on paper. Collection of various topics concerning the Six Dynasties. Two scrolls , ink on paper, 21 sheets vol. Five scrolls , ink on Japanese tissue. Formerly stored at the Kanazawa Bunko library. Eleven books bound by fukuro-toji [nb 2]. This was nowhere more the case then in Echigo, prompting Nagao Tamekage in to raise an army and march westward, possibly in the hopes of reaching Kaga. A fierce battle took place at Sendanno in Etchu that left Tamekage dead and his army defeated. The youngest son was spirited away to the Rizen-ji, where he studied from the age of 7 to When the boy reached 14, he was approached by Usami Sadamitsu2 and others, who urged him to make a claim for leadership of the Nagao family.
Internal strife soon threatened to tear the province apart. Kagetora, we are told, at first hesitated to war on his brother, but in the end was convinced to fight for the good of Echigo. Two defeated Shinano warlords, Ogasawara Nagatoki and Murakami Yoshikiyo , came to Echigo around and asked for assistance against the encroaching Takeda clan, which in the space of ten years had absorbed much of Shinano.
In June Takeda marched up and onto the Kawanakajima, a stretch of flat land that was so-named as it was lapped on three sides by the waters of the Sai and Chikuma rivers. Kagetora responded by leading an army down from Echigo and the two warlords fought a brief skirmish, though as each man already had a reputation for cunning, caution won out. Takeda pulled back but returned in November. Some time prior to these first tentative struggles, in , Kagetora had received Uesugi Norimasa ? Losing Hirai Castle in Kozuke, he had been forced to seek refuge in Echigo.
Kagetora readily agreed to shelter Norimasa but was not immediatly able to attempt to restore him in Kozuke. While in Kyoto, he also visted the Imperial Palace and Mt. Hiei, as well as a number of other famous religious and historical sites. He returned to Echigo in November. He shortly thereafter took Buddhist vows and the name Kenshin just when is unclear , by which he will be known from here in this description. Kenshin was able to oblige the following year with the capture of Numata Castle in Kozuke. He followed this up with a push onOdawara Castle itself in Sagami Province.
For want of supplies he had to break camp within a few days and return to the north. Kenshin had at first acted as a mediator between the two but in he entered the fight on the side of the Shiina and took Toyama Castle from the Jinbo in 3rd month of The Jinbo and Shiina were both reduced to vassal houses. Kenshin and Shingen duel at 4th Kawanakajima After returning from the Siege of Odawara Castle, Kenshin, the newly-minted Kanto Kanrei, immediatly began planning another campaign, this one aimed at Shinano Province.
Kenshin set out with some 13,00 men under his command, intending apparently to provoke a major battle with Shingen. Here one must pause to consider that our only real source for the course of the following campaign is theKoyo Gunkan, a rambling and at times disjointed record of the Takeda family under Shingen.
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This was composed by Takeda partisans Kosaka Masanobu himself is sometimes given as the composer but the actual author appears to have been Obata Kagenori, and its accuracy is often dubious. But that having been said, the battle the Koyo Gunkan describes is the one imprinted in the minds of generations of Japanese. Kenshin might easily have captured Kaizu; instead, he sat down to wait.
Kosaka sent off a smoke signal that triggered a chain reaction all the way south to Kai Province. He arrived to find the Uesugi army camped on the top of Saijoyama, a height somewhat west of Kaizu there is actually a number of Saijoyamas in the Kawanakajima area, prompting some to question whether or not even the traditional setting for these opening moves is accurate.
Shingen camped at the Amenomiya Ford for a period of about a week before making his way to Kaizu. Kenshin had made no movement as yet and continued to remain inactive, apparently determined to let Shingen make the first move. The Takeda decided after another week of idleness that a battle would have to be forced, as it was unlikely that Kenshin would leave Kaizu alone if Shingen withdrew without bloodying him.
It was decided that the Takeda army, now numbering some 20, men, would be split into two parts. Whether or not Kosaka and Baba succeded, Kenshin was likely to withdraw north — and right into the trap Shingen would have set for him. Accordingly, the two forces departed at night — although not in the secrecy the plan required. Kenshin marched his own army off Saijo and crossed the Chikuma as quietly as humanly possible. The other 10, Kenshin put into formation and waited for the dawn.
Very soon Shingen had suffered the wounding of his son Yoshinobu, and the suicide of his veteran commander Yamamoto Kansuke. At this point, Kenshin led a charge himself that carried the Uesugi banners into the heart of the Takeda formation. Actually, neither men may have been thus at jeopardy. Kenshin may also have not been the one to trade blows, that honor instead going to a certain Ayukawa Ayukawa Kiyonaga or Morinaga? By now Baba and Kosaka had discovered that Saijo was empty and rushed down to Amenomiya. After defeating Amakasu in a fiercely contested crossing, the Takeda force moved on to fall on the Uesugi army from behind.
Though Kenshin had come very close to decisively defeating Shingen, he had missed his chance and was forced to retreat. However, despite supposedly receiving over 3, dead, the fact that no major Uesugi general was killed is interesting. Also, unlike Kenshin, Shingen did not issue any battle citations following the engagement, which he most certainly would have in the aftermath of such a great battle. Postulating a clear Uesugi victory does not seem at all unreasonable; the best the author of the Koyo Gunkan could say for the Takeda was that a draw had been achieved, despite mentioning that Shingen led a victory cheer after the battle.
Kenshin evidently took his Kanto-Kanrei title seriously, and resolved to restore the Kanto to the Uesugi. At the same time, the Uesugi came into conflict with the Ashina of Mutsu. It should be mentioned here that as much as Kenshin may have liked to fight, he also worked hard to increase the economic strength of Echigo.
Like many daimyo, Kenshin offered merchants special privileges, including tax reductions, to ectice them to do business in his domain. Feuding broke out among the former members of the Hatakeyama and Kenshin was quick to take advantage of the situation. Shigetsura was killed, and after securing the loyalty of the other Noto warriors, Kenshin moved into Kaga. Nobunaga responded to this activity by leading reinforcements up to Echizen, where he joined forces with his generals Shibata Katsuie and Maeda Toshiie. All told, Nobunaga may have had as many as 50, men on hand to oppose Kenshin, whose own army counted about 30, warriors.
Kenshin based his army at Matsuo Castle, across from which Nobunaga massed his forces. Suspecting that Nobunaga was itching for a fight and probably meant to attack at dawn, Kenshin dispatched a small force to move further up the river while making a show if it. Nobunaga took note of the movements and believed that Kenshin was splitting his forces-a perfect opportunity for an attack; in the moonlight Nobunaga threw his forces across the river and against Matsuo.
During the winter of , Kenshin declared his intentions to continue fighting Nobunaga again and organized for an impressive army to assemble in the spring. Even as he readied for a great campaign whether against Oda or HOJO , however, he was in poor health, reportedly barely able to eat solid food and walking with a pronounced limp.
On 9 April he had a seizure of some sort while using his lavatory and died four days later, at the age of In fact, many Japanese scholars believe that Kenshin died of illness — perhaps stomach cancer, combined with a lifetime of heavy drinking. Perhaps naively, Kenshin had hoped that upon his death, the two would divide up the Uesugi holdings and rule in cooperation.
Needless to say, this ended up being hardly the case. Kagekatsu, while not an exceptionally skilled general, was extremely ambitious and a gifted political schemer. Uesugi Kenshin was one of the most reknowned warlords of the 16th Century, a colorful figure who combined a love of campaigning with a thirst for learning and a genuine sense of honor.
A devout religious man, Kenshin would never marry nor produce off-spring. Buddhist vows did not, however, prevent him from acquiring a taste for drink, which he consumed in copious amounts during his lifetime and may well have contributed to his early demise. Both Shingen and Hojo Ujiyasu are said to have spoken highly of their rival in Echigo and he is certainly one of the most beloved figures to emerge from the sengoku period, a sort of Japanese Robert E.
His seemingly endless raids and invasions did not materially enhance the position of his clan in any great way and, in a general sense, he seems to have been destined to play the role of would-be spoiler to other great clans. A man of learning, Kenshin enjoyed poetry and wrote the following piece in anticipation of his own death in ….
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Even a life-long prosperity is but one cup of sake; A life of forty-nine years is passed in a dream; I know not what life is, nor death. Year in year out-all but a dream. Both Heaven and Hell are left behind; I stand in the moonlit dawn, Free from clouds of attachment. However, surviving documents from the Uesugi side seem to confirm at least in substance the general elements of the events portrayed in the Koyo Gunkan.
These figures are quite speculative, and no effort has as yet been made to justify them. Overlook Suzuki, D. He was first known as Nagao Kagetora and assumed control of Echigo by forcing his elder brother Harukage to adopt him after a bitter civil war. He visited Kyoto in and in was named kanto-kanrei. Kenshin was well-respected as a general and as a leader. Kagenobu was a relative of Kenshin and was known at first as Nagao Kagenobu.
He was a respected retainer under Kenshin and saw combat at Kawanakajima and in the Kanto. He was the father of Uesugi Kagekatsu. Hideyoshi transferred Kagekatsu to Aizu in and named him one of the five regents tasked with protecting the Toyotomi legacy. He was on the losing side in and had his lands greatly reduced as a result, being made to trade in Aizu for Yonezawa. He was present at the Osaka Castle Campaigns, where he distinguished himself. Kagekatsu was remembered as a dour and humorless man who was both ambitious and calculating.
In , Kagekatsu provoked a war with him over inheritance issues and at length forced him to commit suicide. Bingo no kami Kagetsugu was active in the service of Uesugi Kagekatsu. He submitted with his lands to Takeda Shingen in but was later forgiven — only to defy Kenshin over the war against the Oda in Shigenaga nonetheless went on to serve Kagekatsu. He was the owner of a famous blade by Masamune. He died while on the way to confront the rebellious Honjo Shigenaga.
Jojo Masashige Aki no kami Masashige was a son of Hatakeyama Yoshimune and fled to the Uesugi domain as a result of turmoil within Noto Province. Sadly, Kageie was accused of conspiring with Oda Nobunaga in and was put to death. His son Haruie might have commited suicide at the same time, for he was succeded by a younger son, Noriie. He later sided with the Oda but lost Toyama to them nonetheless. He is perhaps best remembered for an incident that occured during a battle at Kawanakajima: Without blinking he calmly held the dog down and delivered his message to Shingen.
Once he was done, he quickly dispatched the animal with his bare hands and left. When his castle was captured by the Takeda around he went for the support of Uesugi Kenshin, whom he assisted in the fights at Kawanakajima. He fought at 4th Kawanakajima and was given a commendation for his bravery there. He died without a son and so was succeded by a son of Yoshie Kagechika, Kageyasu. He captured Hataya Castle but was defeated at Hasedo Castle. After the Uesugi were transferred to Yonezawa in , Kanetsugu recieved an income of 60, koku but soon after retired.
He became a noted Uesugi retainer but rebelled in He led troops under the command of Yamagata Masakage and was loyal to the Takeda to the end in He was killed near Temmokuzan by Oda forces. Shimotsuke no kami Tomonobu held Akata Castle in Echigo. He was considered one of the most capable of the Uesugi generals. Iyo no kami Sadanaga was famed for his skills as a warrior, and especially for his actions at 2nd Kawanakajima Years after the fact, Kagekatsu later led an army out and destroyed him.
He later acted as a guardian to Sanada Yukimura when the latter was sent as a hostage to the Uesugi by Sanada Masayuki in His sons included Mitsumune and Nagayoshi. He was a noted retainer of both Uesugi Kenshin and Uesugi Kagekatsu, with a career streching from 4th Kawanakajima to the Osaka Winter Campaign He was entrusted with the defense of Kasugayama while Kenshin was away fighting in and died of illness in He was succeded by a younger son named Yasumoto. Black Warrior, Protector of Buddhism. The god of war and warriors, and a dispenser of wealth and good fortune. One who hears everything; lord of north; bestower of treasure and wealth; heals illness; expels demons and evil; also known as the Great Black Warrior.
Bishamonten is usually clad in armor, with a spear trident or sword in one hand and a pagoda stupa in the other. When portrayed among the four, he is known asTamonten. Among the four, he alone is worshipped independently in Japan. The small pagoda stupa he often carries symbolizes the divine treasure house of Buddhist teachings and treasures. Associated with the color black others say blue ,Tamonten is the god of war and protector against demons.
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In the Kamakura Era, Tsurugaoka Hachimangu Shrine was the main shrine for warriors to pray for victory prior to battle. Even today, hundreds of pigeons congregate daily on the roofs of the shrine complex, and Tsurugaoka Hachimangu Shrine today remains a major site of popular pilgrimage. Bishamonten with bow and arrow. Hindu God of Wealth. According to Hindu legend, Kubera performed austerities for a thousand years, and was rewarded for this by the greator god, Brahma, who granted him immortality and the position of God of Wealth, and guardian of the treasures of the earth.
As Vaishravana, this deity also commands the army of eight Yasha Yaksa , or demons, who are believed to be emanations of Vaishravana himself. Each of these emanations holds a mongoose that spews jewels. In Tibet and Nepal, he is worshipped as the God of Wealth in all three manifestations: Vaishravana, Kubera, and Jambala.
Click here to view or buy book at Amazon. For more on Kubera, please click here. Goddess of Fortune in Japan. Wife of Vishnu in Hindu myths; wife or sister of Bishamonten in Buddhist myths. Here, Bishamonten is portrayed as a benevolent deity who protects devotees of the Lotus Sutra. Examples of Bishamon holding a bow, as he is painted here, are found in Chinese works of the Tang and Song dynasties. This scroll, called the Extermination of Evil Hekija-e orExorcists Scroll, is conjectured to have been made during the time of Emperor Goshirakawa , r.
All the deities shown here [in the five scolls] are considered, in China, to be benevolent deities who expel the demons of plague. The acts of each of the gods in exterminating evil are briefly explained in the texts accompanying the illustrations. Ruppert of Harvard University: Associated with victory in battle, Bishamon was also believed capable of bringing success to a variety of endeavors. He was the object of esoteric Buddhist rites by the mid-Heian era and was later included among theseven deities of good fortune.
Yasha were adopted into Buddhism at an early stage, and many finely executed stone reliefs and statues are to be found at Sanchi, Mathura, and elsewhere in India. Tobatsu Bishamonten was invoked in particular for the protection of capital cities and the repulsion of foreign invaders, and depictions of him have been found among the murals of Tun-huang Jp. In appearance he is characterized by his close-fitting armour, tight at the waist and reaching down below the knees.
Unknown, but Bishamon is the dispenser of earthly treasures, so it is perhaps befitting that Jiten the earth goddess is appropriated for the task of upholding Bishamon. Oldest extant image of Tobatsu in Japan. Photo courtesy Nara National Museum. Less dynamic and fewer decorative details, however. Made from one piece of wood. Statuary of the two does in fact differ. In , when Tibet Jp. However, this story has not been proven. A dissimilar image, thought to have been modeled on a sculpture at Mt. Tokyo bijitsu, , pp. For the image, see Taish? Originally a child-eating demon, he was converted by Buddha and became a protector figure.
From this story we discover that the gohoo dooji had red hair and had great strength. Bishamonten was served by a number of these yak? Owing to the fact that they were converted demonic spirits, they could forget the rules and fail to exercise moderation at times, ending up inflicting cruelty and violence when they used their strength during the performance of their assigned duties.
List of National Treasures of Japan (writings: Chinese books)
Even though they were commanded by kami, buddhas, and monks, and served them, they could kill other beings over a mistake, or in anger. In Japan, Daikoku is associated closely with Mahakala. He is not, to my knowledge, considered a manifestation of Kubera, as some site readers have suggested. In Japan, Kubera is better known asTamonten or Bishamonten.