In experimental animals, islet cell allografts wrapped in myocytes genetically engineered to express the Fas ligand are not rejected, whereas those wrapped in unmanipulated myocytes are. T cell receptors for antigen do not bind soluble antigen like their antibody counterparts on B cells. Instead, an elaborate and complex process exists, whereby polypeptide antigens are internalised and processed by specialist antigen presenting cells, giving rise to short peptides.
These in turn bind to molecules of the major histocompatibility complex and the combination is recognised by the T cell receptor. It is understandable, therefore, why in the immunology world was captivated by the first x ray crystallographic study of the structure of a molecule of the major histocompatibility complex. Owing to difficulties in solubilising sufficient quantities of these receptors, the equivalent crystallographic view of a T cell receptor bound to peptide in complex with major histocompatibility complex has taken 10 years to be developed.
The crystal structure shows that the T cell receptor sits diagonally over the groove in the molecule from the major histocompatibility complex. Only a small region of the receptor interacts with the peptide and then only with a small part of the peptide antigen.
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With this view, it is more understandable why foreign molecules of the major histocompatibility complex encountered in an allograft look so different and thus induce such potent T cell responses. Functional studies on T cell recognition of antigen have also revealed some surprises.
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It was assumed for many years that T cells were activated in an all or none fashion, but by altering peptide antigens slightly it has become apparent that T cells have many grades of response, from activation to complete unresponsiveness anergy. This has led to the possibility of using slightly altered peptides as ligands to switch off unwanted T cell responses—even damaging Th1 responses can be switched to protective Th2-like activity. It has now been shown unequivocally that a single T cell, reactive with a single self antigen, can also be stimulated by a peptide antigen from a virus.
It is easy to see why the role of viruses in autoimmune disease is one of the hottest topics in immunology. Skip to main content. We use cookies to improve our service and to tailor our content and advertising to you.
More info Close You can manage your cookie settings via your browser at any time. To learn more about how we use cookies, please see our cookies policy Close. Article Related content Metrics Responses Peer review. Mike Kemeny , professor of immunology m. Methods We have chosen what we consider to be some of the most exciting recent discoveries in immunology, focusing on subjects in which the frontiers of basic immunological research are shaping up to give rise to clinical applications in the next decade.
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Recent advances The cellular receptor used by HIV in fusing with target cells has been identified. The natural ligand for the receptor is capable of blocking HIV transmission in vitro, implying a new treatment strategy Motor vehicle pollution is implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. Genetic studies link the disease with the gene for interleukin 4, a cytokine known to enhance IgE production The subdivision of CD4, and now CD8, T lymphocytes into groupings on the basis of cytokine production is promoting a greater understanding of the role of these cells in allergy, autoimmunity, and infection Immune regulation may depend heavily on killing activated T lymphocytes at the end of an inflammatory episode through the Fas and Fas ligand system.
Transplant immunologists are looking to Fas as a way of protecting foreign grafts The crystallisation of a complex of T cell receptor, peptide antigen, and molecule of the major histocompatibility complex has provided the best insight yet of how these molecules interact to achieve T cell activation. Fig 1 HIV virions entering cell top and budding from membrane bottom reproduced with permission from Stein et al 1.
Interaction of genes and environment in allergy During the past years allergy has become increasingly common. T cell subsets in the s Over the past 10 years many practitioners have become comfortable with the basic terminology to describe T cell subsets, which include CD4 helper and CD8 cytotoxic cells.
Advances in Immunology, Volume 87
View popup View inline. Fig 3 Activation induced cell death. Antigen recognition by T cells T cell receptors for antigen do not bind soluble antigen like their antibody counterparts on B cells. MP is supported by the British Diabetic Association.
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