This fragment of a call was probably already ancient when the manuscript was compiled and its purpose is no longer known. Unusually in an early manuscript, both the drum and fife parts are written down. Eye-witness accounts of s battles refer to Swiss use of, cross-blown , fifes and drums to signal directions to their pikemen in battle.
Most fife and drum traditions trace back to the Swiss mercenaries of the early Renaissance.
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Surviving documents of the Diet tell us that for signals, a Landsknecht , Swiss mercenary , Regiment had 21 drummers and 21 fifers. They would mass in the middle of the strong formation to be loud enough. Up to , British records shew no fifers in the infantry.
Held at Kew these records were the work of Thomas Wolsey who was his almoner and, later, Cardinal and Chancellor of all England. Thereafter, fifes appeared not only with the military but with any ad hoc music-making group from: As soldiers quit the army, so they took their music with them, flute bands emerged in Ireland, whence came many an army recruit, regardless of the origins of the regiment , all over England and Scotland and these, in time provided the music for the Scouts, for church youth groups, the Suffragettes and, eventually for cadet corps.
It will be no matter of surprise that in Scottish and Irish regiments the flute gradually gave way to the pipes. All of this was largely the case until the immediate aftermath of World War 2 when, in the Cold War troops had, for protection, to be vehicle born. Britain's oldest military music is probably best regarded as a blend of the needs of the King's court and what soldiers sang around campfires or in the castle guard-room.
By the early s we know that one drum and fife was authorised for every company of a hundred infantrymen. The establishment of the present town began around by Bishop Robert on an L-shaped vill, possibly on the site of the ruined St Andrews Castle. St Andrews, in particular the large cathedral built in , was the most important centre of pilgrimage in medieval Scotland and one of the most important in Europe. Pilgrims from all over Scotland came in large numbers hoping to be blessed, and in many cases to be cured, at the shrine of Saint Andrew.
The presence of the pilgrims brought about increased trade and development. St Andrews is represented by several tiers of elected government. The Royal Burgh of St Andrews Community Council, meeting on the first Monday of the month in the Council Chamber of the Town Hall, forms the lowest tier of governance whose statutory role is to communicate local opinion to local and central government. Fife Council, the unitary local authority for St Andrews, based in Glenrothes is the executive , deliberative and legislative body responsible for local governance.
The first parliament to take place in the town was in , when King Edward I came to be received by Bishop William de Lamberton as overlordship of Scotland. The latter was abolished when a single-tier authority was introduced in as Fife Council based in Glenrothes. Each constituency elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament MSP by the first past the post system of election, and the region elects seven additional members to produce a form of proportional representation.
According to the census, St Andrews had a total population of 14, The place of birth of the town's residents was In , St Andrews was reported to be home to the "Most Expensive Street in Scotland", with average house prices in The Scores in excess of 2 million pounds. St Andrews has a temperate maritime climate , which is relatively mild despite its northerly latitude. Winters are not as cold as one might expect, considering that Moscow and Labrador in Newfoundland lie on the same latitude. However, the town is subject to strong winds.
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Night-time frosts are common; however, snowfall is more rare. The nearest official Met Office weather station for which data are available is at Leuchars, about 3. The absolute maximum temperature is The warmest calendar month since was July , [40] with a mean temperature of Sunshine, averaging in excess of 1, hours a year is amongst the highest for Scotland, and comparable to inland parts of Southern England.
St Andrews is about the furthest north annual levels of above hours are encountered. This service was ended in The St Andrews Rail Link project aims at realising a new high-speed twin-cord mainline rail link via Cupar to the south and west and via Leuchars to the north.
Nowadays, the only public transport to reach trains at Leuchars or to connect other towns in Fife is the Stagecoach bus station located near the town centre. St Andrews was once bounded by several "ports" the Lowland Scots word for a town gate. Two are still extant: Side arches and relief panels were added to the port, during the reconstruction between — It then moved to a new site on the north side of South Street between — by bishop Warlock.
The Category A listed [54] St Rule's Church, to the south-east of the medieval cathedral is said to date from around and , being the predecessor of the cathedral.
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The ruins of the Category A listed [57] St Andrews Castle are situated on a cliff-top to the north of the town. Several reconstructions occurred in subsequent centuries, most notably due to damage incurred in the Wars of Scottish Independence.
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The castle was occupied, besieged and stormed during The Rough Wooing and was severely damaged in the process. The majority of the castle seen today dates to between and The work was commissioned by John Hamilton archbishop of St Andrews in a renaissance style which made the building a comfortable, palatial residence while still remaining well-fortified. The castle is now administered by Historic Scotland. Today, St Andrews is home to one secondary school, one private school and three primary schools. The school roll was recorded in February as The school roll was recorded in September as Madras College is the sole secondary school in the town.
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The school which opened to pupils in was based on a Madras system — founded and endowed by Dr Andrew Bell — , a native of the town. Plans to build a replacement for Madras College on a single site have been ongoing since Originally, the school were in negotiations with the University of St Andrews for a joint new build at Lang Lands on land owned by the University. The plans, which were scrapped in August , would have seen the school share the University's playing fields. The private school known as St Leonards School was initially established as the St Andrews School for girls company in The present name was taken in when a move to St Leonards House was made.
The operations of the school merged with the middle and junior sections of St Leonards to become St Leonards-New Park in The University of St Andrews , the oldest in Scotland, dates back to St Andrews is known widely as the "home of golf". Other leisure facilities in the town include a canoe club; [78] junior football team ; rugby club known as Madras Rugby Club ; tennis club; university sports centre and a links golf driving range.
The East Sands Leisure Centre, which opened in , sits on the outskirts of the town as the town's swimming pool with gym facilities. The University of St Andrews have expressed plans to provide a new multimillion-pound leisure centre to replace East Sands.
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It may have been built before The museum, which is free to enter, looks at the University's foundation, student life at the University, and innovative ideas and inventions associated with staff, students, and alumni. The museum also shows a range of temporary exhibitions on different themes. Highlights of the displays include the University's three medieval maces, which are rare examples of ornate ceremonial University maces from the 15th century, and a large astrolabe dating from The St Andrews Botanic Garden is an acre botanical garden in the Cannongate suburb to the south of the town.
It contains more than species of native and exotic plants. These are laid out in zones of woodland, meadow, shrubbery, herbaceous bedding, a large rockery and a series of ponds. There are also vegetable and herb gardens, and several large greenhouses, one of which contains a butterfly house. It holds a collection of objects of historical value that are related to the town from the earliest times up to the twentieth century. As well as over fish species on display there are also penguins and meerkats. Andrew's Day , the town is formally twinned with the French medieval town of Loches , with whom it had previously shared a cultural exchange for over 2 decades.
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For other uses, see St Andrews disambiguation. History of local government in Scotland.