Usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India and other laws relating to the national emblems. The original code prohibited use of the flag by private citizens except on national days such as the Independence day and the Republic Day. In , on hearing an appeal from a private citizen, Naveen Jindal , the Supreme Court of India directed the Government of India to amend the code to allow flag usage by private citizens.
Subsequently, the Union Cabinet of India amended the code to allow limited usage. The code was amended once more in to allow some additional use including adaptations on certain forms of clothing. The flag code also governs the protocol of flying the flag and its use in conjunction with other national and non-national flags. According to the Flag code of India , the Indian flag has a ratio of two by three where the length of the flag is 1.
All three stripes of the flag saffron, white and green are to be equal in width and length. The size of the Ashoka Chakra is not specified in the Flag code, but it has twenty-four spokes that are evenly spaced.
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Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag", there is a chart that details the size of the Ashoka Chakra on the nine specific sizes of the national flag. Note that the values given in the table correspond to CIE color space. Approximate RGB values for use may be taken to be: Gandhi first proposed a flag to the Indian National Congress in The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya. In the centre was a traditional spinning wheel, symbolising Gandhi's goal of making Indians self-reliant by fabricating their own clothing. The design was then modified to include a white stripe in the centre for other religious communities, and provide a background for the spinning wheel.
Subsequently, to avoid sectarian associations with the colour scheme, saffron, white and green were chosen for the three bands, representing courage and sacrifice, peace and truth, and faith and chivalry respectively. A few days before India became independent on 15 August , the specially constituted Constituent Assembly decided that the flag of India must be acceptable to all parties and communities.
However, the charkha was replaced by the Ashoka Chakra representing the eternal wheel of law.
The philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , who later became India's first Vice President and second President , clarified the adopted flag and described its significance as follows:. A number of flags with varying designs were used in the period preceding the Indian Independence Movement by the rulers of different princely states; the idea of a single Indian flag was first raised by the British rulers of India after the rebellion of , which resulted in the establishment of direct imperial rule. The first flag , whose design was based on western heraldic standards, were similar to the flags of other British colonies, including Canada and South Africa; its red field included the Union Flag in the upper-left quadrant and a Star of India capped by the royal crown in the middle of the right half.
To address the question of how the star conveyed "Indianness", Queen Victoria created the Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India to honour services to the empire by her Indian subjects. Subsequently, all the Indian princely states received flags with symbols based on the heraldic criteria of Europe including the right to fly defaced British red ensigns. In the early twentieth century, around the coronation of Edward VII , a discussion started on the need for a heraldic symbol that was representative of the Indian empire.
William Coldstream, a British member of the Indian Civil Service, campaigned the government to change the heraldic symbol from a star, which he considered to be a common choice, to something more appropriate. His proposal was not well received by the government; Lord Curzon rejected it for practical reasons including the multiplication of flags. Another symbol was the cow, or Gau Mata cow mother. However, all these symbols were Hindu-centric and did not suggest unity with India's Muslim population.
The partition of Bengal resulted in the introduction of a new flag representing the Indian independence movement that sought to unite the multitude of castes and races within the country. The Vande Mataram flag, part of the Swadeshi movement against the British, comprised Indian religious symbols represented in western heraldic fashion. The tricolour flag included eight white lotuses on the upper green band representing the eight provinces, a sun and a crescent on the bottom red band, and the Vande Mataram slogan in Hindi on the central yellow band.
The flag was launched in Calcutta bereft of any ceremony and the launch was only briefly covered by newspapers. The flag was not covered in contemporary governmental or political reports either, but was used at the annual session of the Indian National Congress. A slightly modified version was subsequently used by Madam Bhikaji Cama at the second International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart in Despite the multiple uses of the flag, it failed to generate enthusiasm amongst Indian nationalists.
Around the same time, another proposal for the flag was initiated by Sister Nivedita , a Hindu reformist and disciple of Swami Vivekananda. The flag consisted of a thunderbolt in the centre and a hundred and eight oil lamps for the border, with the Vande Mataram caption split around the thunderbolt.
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It was also presented at the Indian National Congress meeting in In , Lord Ampthill , former Governor of the Madras Presidency , wrote to The Times of London in the run up to Empire Day pointing out that there existed "no flag representative of India as a whole or any Indian province Surely this is strange, seeing that but for India there would be no Empire.
In , Pingali Venkayya submitted thirty new designs, in the form of a booklet funded by members of the High Court of Madras. These many proposals and recommendations did little more than keep the flag movement alive. The flag included the Union Jack in the upper left corner, a star and crescent in the upper right, and seven stars displayed diagonally from the lower right, on a background of five red and four green alternating bands.
The flag resulted in the first governmental initiative against any nationalistic flag, as a magistrate in Coimbatore banned its use. The ban was followed by a public debate on the function and importance of a national flag. In the early s, national flag discussions gained prominence across most British dominions following the peace treaty between Britain and Ireland. In November , the Indian delegation to the League of Nations wanted to use an Indian flag, and this prompted the British Indian government to place renewed emphasis on the flag as a national symbol.
In April , Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi wrote in his journal Young India about the need for an Indian flag, proposing a flag with the charkha or spinning wheel at the centre. Gandhi wanted the flag to be presented at the Congress session of , but it was not delivered on time, and another flag was proposed at the session. Gandhi later wrote that the delay was fortuitous since it allowed him to realise that other religions were not represented; he then added white to the banner colours, to represent all the other religions. Finally, owing to the religious-political sensibilities, in , Gandhi moved towards a more secular interpretation of the flag colours, stating that red stood for the sacrifices of the people, white for purity, and green for hope.
On 13 April , during a procession by local Congress volunteers in Nagpur commemorating the Jallianwala Bagh massacre , the Swaraj flag with the spinning wheel, designed by Pingali Venkayya, was hoisted. This event resulted in a confrontation between the Congressmen and the police, after which five people were imprisoned. Over a hundred other protesters continued the flag procession after a meeting.
Subsequently, on the first of May, Jamnalal Bajaj , the secretary of the Nagpur Congress Committee, started the Flag Satyagraha , gaining national attention and marking a significant point in the flag movement. The satyagraha , promoted nationally by the Congress, started creating cracks within the organisation in which the Gandhians were highly enthused while the other group, the Swarajists , called it inconsequential.
The flag movement was managed by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel with the idea of public processions and flag displays by common people. By the end of the movement, over people had been arrested across all of British India. The Bombay Chronicle reported that the movement drew from diverse groups of society including farmers, students, merchants, labourers and "national servants".
While Muslim participation was moderate, the movement enthused women, who had hitherto rarely participated in the independence movement. While the flag agitation got its impetus from Gandhi's writings and discourses, the movement received political acceptance following the Nagpur incident. News reports, editorials and letters to editors published in various journals and newspapers of the time attest to the subsequent development of a bond between the flag and the nation.
Soon, the concept of preserving the honour of the national flag became an integral component of the independence struggle. While Muslims were still wary of the Swaraj flag, it gained acceptance among Muslim leaders of the Congress and the Khilafat Movement as the national flag. Detractors of the flag movement, including Motilal Nehru , soon hailed the Swaraj flag as a symbol of national unity. Thus, the flag became a significant structural component of the institution of India.
Flag of India
In contrast to the subdued responses of the past, the British Indian government took greater cognisance of the new flag, and began to define a policy of response. The British parliament discussed public use of the flag, and based on directives from England, the British Indian government threatened to withdraw funds from municipalities and local governments that did not prevent the display of the Swaraj flag.
However, by then, the flag had already become the symbol of the independence movement. A few days before India gained its independence in August , the Constituent Assembly was formed. Ambedkar as its members. On 14 July , the committee recommended that the flag of the Indian National Congress be adopted as the National Flag of India with suitable modifications, so as to make it acceptable to all parties and communities.
It was also resolved that the flag should not have any communal undertones. According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , the chakra was chosen as it was representative of dharma and law. However, Jawaharlal Nehru explained that the change was more practical in nature, as unlike the flag with the spinning wheel, this design would appear symmetrical. Gandhi was not very pleased by the change, but eventually came around to accepting it.
The flag was proposed by Nehru at the Constituent Assembly on 22 July as a horizontal tricolour of deep saffron, white and dark green in equal proportions, with the Ashoka wheel in blue in the centre of the white band. Nehru also presented two flags, one in Khadi-silk and the other in Khadi-cotton, to the assembly. The resolution was approved unanimously. The design and manufacturing process for the national flag is regulated by three documents issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards BIS. All of the flags are made out of khadi cloth of silk or cotton. The standards were created in and were updated in In , after India became a republic, the Indian Standards Institute now the BIS brought out the first official specifications for the flag.
These were revised in to conform to the metric system which was adopted in India. The specifications were further amended on 17 August The guidelines are covered under civil and criminal laws and defects in the manufacturing process can result in punishments that include fines or jail terms. Khadi or hand-spun cloth is the only material allowed to be used for the flag, and flying a flag made of any other material is punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years, besides a fine.
Raw materials for khadi are restricted to cotton, silk and wool. There are two kinds of khadi used: The first is the khadi-bunting which makes up the body of the flag, and the second is the khadi-duck, which is a beige-coloured cloth that holds the flag to the pole. The khadi-duck is an unconventional type of weave that meshes three threads into a weave, compared to the two threads used in conventional weaving. This type of weaving is extremely rare, and there are fewer than twenty weavers in India professing this skill.
The guidelines also state that there should be exactly threads per square centimetre, four threads per stitch, and one square foot should weigh exactly grams 7. There are four places in the country licensed to make the cloth for the national flag, they are in Karnataka , Marathwada , Barabanki in UP, and Banetha in Rajasthan. A Centre was established at Garag in by a few freedom fighters under the banner of Dharwad Taluk Kshetriya Seva Sangh and obtained the Centre's licence to make flags.
Once woven, the material is sent to the BIS laboratories for testing. After quality testing, the material, if approved, is returned to the factory. It is then separated into three lots which are dyed saffron, white and green. The Ashoka Chakra is screen printed, stencilled or suitably embroidered onto each side of the white cloth. Care also has to be taken that the chakra is completely visible and synchronised on both sides. Three pieces of the required dimension, one of each colour, are then stitched together according to specifications and the final product is ironed and packed.
The BIS then checks the colours and only then can the flag be sold. Official regulation states that the flag must never touch the ground or water, or be used as a drapery in any form. No sort of lettering may be inscribed on the flag. When out in the open, the flag should always be flown between sunrise and sunset, irrespective of the weather conditions. Prior to , the flag could be flown on a public building at night under special circumstances; currently, Indian citizens can fly the flag even at night, subject to the restriction that the flag should be hoisted on a tall flagpole and be well-illuminated.
The flag should never be depicted, displayed or flown upside down. Tradition also states that when draped vertically, the flag should not merely be rotated 90degrees, but also reversed. One "reads" a flag like the pages of a book, from top to bottom and from left to right, and after rotation the results should be the same.
It is considered insulting to display the flag in a frayed or dirty state, and the same rule applies to the flagpoles and halyards used to hoist the flag, which should always be in a proper state of maintenance. The original flag code of India did not allow private citizens to fly the national flag except on national days such as Independence Day or Republic Day. In , Naveen Jindal , an industrialist used to the more egalitarian use of the flag in the United States where he studied, flew the Indian flag on his office building.
The flag was confiscated and he was warned of prosecution. Jindal filed a public interest litigation petition in the High Court of Delhi ; he sought to strike down the restriction on the use of the flag by private citizens, arguing that hoisting the national flag with due decorum and honour was his right as a citizen, and a way of expressing his love for the country.
At the end of the appeals process, the case was heard by the Supreme Court of India ; the court ruled in Jindal's favour, asking the Government of India to consider the matter. The Union Cabinet of India then amended the Indian Flag Code with effect from 26 January , allowing private citizens to hoist the flag on any day of the year, subject to their safeguarding the dignity, honour and respect of the flag. The original flag code also forbade use of the flag on uniforms, costumes and other clothing.
In July , the Government of India amended the code to allow some forms of usage. Marwar Junction , which is located about kilometres from Jodhpur will be one of the nine freight loading points along the DMIC route. Jodhpur and Pali districts fall under the region that is going to be developed as a manufacturing hub for the DMIC. Joga Ram Patel , Shergarh- Sh.
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Jodhpur is a significant city of western Rajasthan and lies about kilometers from the border with Pakistan. The city is famous for its food and its popularity can be judged from the fact that one can find sweet shops named 'Jodhpur Sweets' in many cities throughout India. Being at the onshore of Thar desert, life has been influenced by ways of select nomadic tribes So-called "Gypsy" groups - Banjare in Hindi - have settled in some parts of the city.
Other attraction of people are at markets of food, antique items, traditional clothes and traditional shoes also called jodhpuri mojari held in Jodhpur. There are other variety of items cooked in traditional ways prepared in Jodhpur.
Jodhpur has two outdoor stadiums and one indoor stadium complex. Umaid stadium football stadium and Gaushala maidan sports stadium. Jodhpur is fast becoming a major education hub for higher studies in India. Major research institutes and organizations have been established in the city for promoting research:. A bench was formed at Jaipur which was dissolved in and was again formed on January 31, Currently, there are forty sanctioned judges.
The city is administered by the Jodhpur Nagar Nigam headed by a mayor. For administrative purposes, the city is divided into 65 wards , from which the members of the corporation council are elected for five years. The municipal corporation has 65 elected members known as councilors, or parshad in Hindi, representing their respective wards 65 geographical units of the city. The ward members are elected by direct voting by electorate for a period of 5 years. In addition to these 65 directly elected members, the corporation has 4 Ex-officio members 1 member of parliament, 3 members of legislative assembly, namely Sardarpura, Soorsagar, City and 3 Nominated Members.
The city has well-established rail, road and air networks connecting it to other major cities of the country. At present trains serves to both the stations. Recently a plan to start metro train service in Jodhpur was proposed to decongest the city traffic. However, this proposal is still pending with the state government for its approval.
Jodhpur Airport is one of the prominent airports of Rajasthan. It is primarily a military airbase with a civil enclosure to allow for civilian air traffic. Due to Jodhpur's strategic location, this airport is regarded as one of the most important ones for the Indian Air Force. The bill and basic formalities for the long-awaited expansion of the airport were cleared by all the concerned authorities in June , clearing the way for the expansion of the airport in two phases beginning Feb Post the expansion, it is expected that there will be morning and evening flights from the city to more cities than presently available in addition to more airlines coming to and fro the city.
Jodhpur is connected by road to all major cities in Rajasthan and neighboring states like Delhi, Ahmedabad, Surat, Ujjain, Agra etc. Jodhpur is connected to the National Highway network with three National Highways and to the Rajasthan State Highway network with ten state highways.
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National Highways passing through Jodhpur:. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the city in Rajasthan, India. For its namesake district, see Jodhpur district. For other uses, see Jodhpur disambiguation. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. October Learn how and when to remove this template message. Metropolis in Rajasthan, India. Clockwise from top left: The Blue City, Sun City [1]. Demographic distribution of religions in Jodhpur [6] Hinduism. This section needs additional citations for verification. July Learn how and when to remove this template message. The Jaswant Thada mausoleum. Ghanta Ghar Clock Tower. The city is embedded with monuments from those built in early days to recent ones in the 20th century.
List of universities and higher education colleges in Jodhpur. Archived from the original on 19 February Retrieved 25 January Retrieved 19 April Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of India through the ages. Jodhpur — Rajasthan India. The House of Marwar: The Story of Jodhpur. The Rajputs of Rajputana: A Glimpse of Medieval Rajasthan. Retrieved 1 July Archived from the original PDF on 21 May Retrieved April 15, Archived from the original on 10 April Retrieved 29 March The Times of India. Retrieved 9 March Mehrangarh Umaid Bhawan Palace. Kaylana Lake Balsamand Lake. State Highways National Highways.
Cities and towns in Jodhpur district.