The kerogen in oil shale can be converted to shale oil through the chemical processes of pyrolysis , hydrogenation , or thermal dissolution. The ratio of shale gas to shale oil depends on the retorting temperature and as a rule increases with the rise of temperature. Depending on the exact properties of oil shale and the exact processing technology, the retorting process may be water and energy extensives. Oil shale has also been burnt directly as a low-grade fuel.
Estimates of global deposits range from 2. These deposits have given rise to expectations of yielding at least 40 litres 0. Several additional countries started assessing their reserves or had built experimental production plants. Thermal depolymerization TDP has the potential to recover energy from existing sources of waste such as petroleum coke as well as pre-existing waste deposits.
Definition of 'unconventional'
This process, which imitates those that occur in nature, uses heat and pressure to break down organic and inorganic compounds through a method known as hydrous pyrolysis. Because energy output varies greatly based on feedstock, it is difficult to estimate potential energy production. According to Changing World Technologies, Inc. In its day - prior to the drilling of oilwells to tap reservoirs of crude oil- the pyrolysis of mined solid organic-rich deposits was the conventional method of producing mineral oils. Historically, petroleum was already being produced on an industrial scale in the United Kingdom and the United States by dry distillation of cannel coal or oil shale in the first half of the 19th Century.
Yields of oil from simple pyrolysis, however, are limited by the composition of the material being pyrolysed, and modern 'oil-from-coal' processes aim for a much higher yield of organic liquids, brought about by chemical reaction with the solid feedstuff. The four primary conversion technologies used for the production of unconventional oil and refined products from coal and gas are the indirect conversion processes of the Fischer-Tropsch process and the Mobil Process also known as Methanol to Gasoline , and the direct conversion processes of the Bergius process and the Karrick process.
Because of the high cost of transporting natural gas, many known but remote fields were not being developed. On-site conversion to liquid fuels are making this energy available under present market conditions.
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Fischer Tropsch fuels plants converting natural gas to fuel, a process broadly known as gas-to-liquids are operating in Malaysia, South Africa, and Qatar. Large direct conversion coal to liquids plants are currently under construction, or undergoing start-up in China. As with all forms of mining , there are hazardous tailings and waste generated from the varied processes of oil extraction and production.
Environmental concerns with heavy oils are similar to those with lighter oils. However, they provide additional concerns, such as the need to heat heavy oils to pump them out of the ground. Extraction also requires large volumes of water. The environmental impacts of oil shale differ depending on the type of extraction; however, there are some common trends. The mining process releases carbon dioxide, in addition to other oxides and pollutants, as the shale is heated. Furthermore, there is some concern about some of the chemicals mixing with ground water either as runoff or through seeping.
There are processes either in use or under development to help mitigate some of these environmental concerns. The conversion of coal or natural gas into oil generates large amounts of carbon dioxide in addition to all the impacts of gaining these resources to begin with. However, placing plants in key areas can reduce the effective emissions due to pumping the carbon dioxide into oil beds or coal beds to enhance the recovery of oil and methane.
Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas , so the increased carbon dioxide produced from both the more involved extraction process with unconventional oil, as well as burning the oil itself, has led to deep concerns about unconventional oil worsening the impacts climate change. Sources of unconventional oil will be increasingly relied upon when conventional oil becomes more expensive due to depletion.
Conventional oil sources are currently preferred because they are less expensive than unconventional sources. New technologies, such as steam injection for oil sands deposits, are being developed to reduce unconventional oil production costs.
Unconventional by Maggie Harcourt
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Unconventional oil and gas have already made a dent in international energy linkages by reducing US energy import dependency [1] Contents.
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United States Federal Government. We would therefore like to strongly encourage you to submit your paper instead to either: Estimation of pseudo-relative permeability curves through an analytical approach for steam assisted gravity drainage SAGD and solvent aided-steam assisted gravity drainage Matthew Morte Berna Hascakir Numerical simulation of shale gas flow in three-dimensional fractured porous media Samuel J.
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