Western Kentucky University Grove City College University of Chicago University of Connecticut University of South Carolina University of Vermont University of Massachusetts College of Charleston University of Western Ontario University of Rochester Cal Poly Pomona Winning Strategies For Getting In.
University of Illinois Your Guide to Succeed in University. Fiske Guide to Colleges: Texas Christian University How to Pay for College. Editors of the American Library Association. State University of New York: Slippery Rock University Ace Your Naval Academy Interview. Northern Arizona University College Entrance Game Plan. Florida Southern College Michigan State University Youngstown State University North Carolina State University University of Mississippi University of Kansas University of Louisville Loyola University Maryland San Francisco State University The College Bound Organizer.
University of Arizona Loyola Marymount University College Planning for Gifted Students. University of Rhode Island The Insider's Guide to the Colleges, Yale Daily News Staff. Other self-applied lawn care products including pesticides and herbicides were not associated with risk of CML. Age-adjusted and multivariate odds ratios for the association between exposure to professional and self-treated lawn products and canine malignant lymphoma. We saw no evidence of effect modification of the relationship between lawn care chemical exposure and CML by factors including reference year, time spent outdoors, weight, breed, sex, or age results not shown.
Results from sensitivity analyses comparing CML cases with each control group separately were very similar to the main analyses results not shown. In this case-control study of pet dogs, we observed evidence that exposure to specific lawn care chemicals was associated with greater risk of CML.
In contrast, we did not find any association between use of any flea and tick control products and CML. A small number of previous studies have evaluated the association between exposure to lawn care chemicals and risk of CML. A study by Hayes and colleagues Hayes, et al. Relative risks were slightly higher when both types of application were reported OR for owner and professional application vs. In a subsequent analysis of these data aimed at addressing criticism raised by others Carlo, et al. A recent case-control study in Italy did not observe an increase in risk of CML in dogs exposed to pesticides Gavazza, et al.
Tufts University overturns ruling against campus Christian group - The Boston Globe
Though the relationship between use of flea control products and risk of NHL in humans or CML in dogs had not been previously evaluated, several studies have reported increases in risk of other cancers in humans and companion animals Bertone, et al. For example, Davis et al observed a significant increase in risk of brain cancer in children who were exposed to flea collars on pets, pesticide bombs in the home, and garden use of pesticides Davis, et al.
- Tufts University (CTSA)!
- What is Kobo Super Points??
- 3 Tufts University professors selected as AAAS Fellows | EurekAlert! Science News?
The use of both insecticides and flea and tick dips has previously been associated with increases in risk of canine bladder cancer Glickman, et al. In addition, a recent case-control study by our research group observed an increase in risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma in domestic cats exposed to flea control products, especially flea collars Bertone, et al. We did not observe any association between use of flea and tick control products and risk of CML in the present study.
Although owners may have had difficulty recalling chemical use occurring many years ago and some misclassification of exposure likely exists, exposure levels for pets with relatively short life spans may be consistent over time and thus more easily recalled by owners. For example, risk of CML was positively associated with residential exposure to electromagnentic fields EMF in a case-control study in Colorado Reif, et al. Reynolds et al correlated level of urinary excretion of 2,4-D in dogs with known exposure to lawns treated with 2,4-D herbicides and found that exposed dogs absorbed, metabolized, and excreted a substantial biologic dose of herbicide chemicals, in proportion to reported exposure level Reynolds, et al.
We would not expect owner participation to bias our findings concerning household chemical exposures, as likelihood of response is unlikely to vary substantially by lawn care use, as it may for health-related behaviors such as smoking. In fact, dogs from responders and non-responders differed only slightly by age 7. As control dogs were patients in the same tertiary care hospital as case dogs, we would expect similarities in demographic characteristics of case and control owners presenting their dogs for follow-up care after referral from a primary care veterinarian.
Our study has notable strengths. Unlike studies focusing on a particular type of pesticide or herbicide, our study has evaluated a heterogeneous group of chemicals and the risk of lymphoma. In addition, we were able to control for confounding by important demographic and behavioral factors.
Further, we included two distinct control groups of dogs with different types of disorders tumor and non-tumor based from the same tertiary care veterinary hospital to minimize the likelihood of selection and recall biases. While it is possible that recall bias may exist, as CML cases had a serious disease likely to be fatal while controls in general did not, we would expect this bias to apply similarly to all of the environmental factors assessed, and not just to a subset of the lawn care chemicals.
Thus recall bias is an unlikely explanation for our findings.
Top Stories
Dogs may serve as sentinels for risks associated with environmental exposures for a variety of reasons Gavazza, et al. Dogs have environmental exposures similar to their owners because they share the same household. Dose of exposure to environmental chemicals such as lawn care products used at home may be substantial, especially for dogs spending a considerable amount of time outdoors on lawns. Studies of environmental risk factors for CML in dogs are facilitated by dogs having shorter life spans than humans, faster disease progression, and shorter latency periods between exposure and disease compared to humans MacEwen ; Thrusfield ; Vail and MacEwen Additional studies are needed to further assess the effects of commonly used household chemicals on risk of canine malignant lymphoma, including evaluations of exposure dose and frequency of exposure.
In particular, studies using biochemical markers would be useful in disentangling the effects of different chemical components of lawn care products. In summary, findings of this study suggest that exposure to certain types of lawn care chemicals may increase the risk of malignant lymphoma in dogs.
Additional studies are needed to further evaluate the effects of specific chemical components of lawn care products on risk of canine malignant lymphoma, and may potentially contribute to human NHL as well. Department of Health and Human Services. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form.
Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Author manuscript; available in PMC Jan 4. Takashima-Uebelhoer , 1 Lisa G.
Join Kobo & start eReading today
Barber , 2 Sofija E. Gollenberg , 5 Antony S. Moore , 2, 6 and Elizabeth R. The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at Environ Res.
Tufts University overturns ruling against campus Christian group
See other articles in PMC that cite the published article. Abstract Background Epidemiologic studies of companion animals offer an important opportunity to identify risk factors for cancers in animals and humans. Methods We assessed the relation of exposure to flea and tick control products and lawn-care products and risk of CML in a case-control study of dogs presented to a tertiary-care veterinary hospital — Results After adjustment for age, weight, and other factors, use of specific lawn care products was associated with greater risk of CML.
Conclusions Results suggest that use of some lawn care chemicals may increase the risk of CML. Statistical analysis We first compared demographic and health-related characteristics of the two control groups of dogs to determine if the groups were homogeneous and could be combined for comparison with CML cases for our main analyses. Table 1 Characteristics of canine malignant lymphoma cases, benign tumor controls, and chronic disease controls.
Open in a separate window. Multivariate relative risks were adjusted for age, reference year, weight, history of cancer, and use of cosequin, chondroitin and prednisone. Table 3 Age-adjusted and multivariate odds ratios for the association between exposure to professional and self-treated lawn products and canine malignant lymphoma. Exposure Professionally applied products Self-applied products Professionally or self-applied products Cases: Discussion In this case-control study of pet dogs, we observed evidence that exposure to specific lawn care chemicals was associated with greater risk of CML.
Conclusions In summary, findings of this study suggest that exposure to certain types of lawn care chemicals may increase the risk of malignant lymphoma in dogs. Footnotes Conflict of interest None declared Publisher's Disclaimer: Environmental and lifestyle risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma in domestic cats.
- WindSwept Narrows: #24 Spring.
- Reminiscences of a Mississippian in Peace and War?
- Eric Greitens;
- Die Engel der Nacht (German Edition).
- Meiner oder deiner?: Roman (German Edition).
- Fugitives: Dramatic Accounts of Life on the Run?
J Vet Intern Med. Environmental tobacco smoke and canine urinary cotinine level. Review of a study reporting an association between 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and canine malignant lymphoma: Family pesticide use and childhood brain cancer. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol.