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For more recent exchange rates, please use the Universal Currency Converter. This page was last updated: Number of bids and bid amounts may be slightly out of date. On 21 September , the Luxembourg government closed the radio station down to protect the neutrality of the country during World War II.
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The station and its transmitters were taken over by the invading German forces in , and were used for English-language propaganda broadcasts by William Joyce " Lord Haw-Haw " and others. When the Allied armed forces vacated the Radio Luxembourg premises at the close of World War II, the English-language service attempted to restart transmissions to the United Kingdom as a full-time commercial radio station using the European long-wave band, once more under the management of Stephen Williams. During the war Geoffrey Everitt served his last few months in Luxembourg and this led to his employment by Stephen Williams on 21 June Williams soon left the station and Everitt found himself in charge of a small on-air staff of three women and one man.
Because of the dearth of advertising available in English, the early morning shows on long wave quickly disappeared and made way for French-language programmes. More contractions followed and this led to cuts in more of the morning, afternoon and evening programming in English.
By the start of the s, sponsorship of the English service had begun to grow once more, and while initially some of the English-language programmes continued via Radio Luxembourg I on long wave, a second but less powerful wavelength was opened up as Radio Luxembourg II on medium wave. The controversy over the station's broadcasting frequencies had been resolved with the Copenhagen plan which this time the Luxembourg government did sign , which allocated the country two high-power frequencies, one on long wave and the other on medium wave.
Eventually all English programming moved to medium wave, with long wave being dedicated to French programmes, while German, Dutch and other languages used medium wave during the daytime.
Akuhead Pupule and later became the morning DJ at KGMB in Honolulu, Hawaii during , offered to buy the morning time from 6 am to 9 am for his own show on , but his offer was rejected. The signal could be received satisfactorily in the United Kingdom only after dark, when it was able to strike the ionosphere and bounce back to the British Isles.
It was this second wavelength that eventually became dedicated to English-language programming after 6 pm under the slogan of " — Your station of the stars ", referring to the entertainers heard on the station. These were some of the shows heard in March as reported in the programme schedule:.
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Radio Luxembourg also served as a refuge for stars and shows previously heard on the BBC but with whom the BBC had fallen out for one reason or another. Thus, when in the BBC wanted Vera Lynn , one of its biggest singing stars, to perform more upbeat material than her traditional repertoire, she refused, and signed up to record 42 shows for Luxembourg instead — which, she said, also paid better.
Following the merger of the English-language service of Radio Luxembourg I with the new English-language service of Radio Luxembourg II on metres medium wave, the station came to be known as Radio Luxembourg. A British company, Radio Luxembourg London Ltd, controlled the programme content and sold the advertising time. The station sign-on time at dusk varied between summer and winter to allow maximum benefit to be gained from a skywave propagation at night that covered the British Isles, although reception was stronger in northern England.
By restricting the service to night-time, the sales representatives were able to sell most of the available airtime both for spot commercials and for sponsored programmes. One spot commercial that became burned into the minds of every Radio Luxembourg listener was for Horace Batchelor 's "Infra-Draw Method" of winning money on football pools , turning the previously obscure Somerset town of " Keynsham , spelt K-E-Y-N-S-H-A-M" into a household name throughout the country. Programmes were partly live disc-jockey presentations by the team of "resident announcers" from the studios in Luxembourg City , partly shows pre-recorded in the company's UK studios at 38 Hertford Street, London W1.
This was not made clear to listeners, who were allowed to form the incorrect impression that all the presenters were sitting in the Grand Duchy or, alternatively, that they were indeed in London but performing live via a hypothetical landline to Luxembourg — a landline which in reality the British government was never prepared to permit until well into the s. A strange conspiracy of silence operated throughout this period between sworn enemies Radio Luxembourg and the BBC, each of which never mentioned the existence of the other, although many famous names appeared on both, often almost simultaneously.
During this period, and particularly from about , the station's output came to be more explicitly targeted at the growing teenage market, with increasing emphasis on a pop music format. Drama productions, comedy, variety and sports programming disappeared altogether. By about , almost the station's entire output was based around the playing of music on discs. This must have greatly reduced its production costs.
It also reflected the fact that the mainstream evening audience for middle-aged "family entertainment" had by this time largely migrated to television. These were some of the shows heard in December , as listed in the programme schedule for that month:. The following disc-jockeys recorded shows in the London studios at 38 Hertford Street: Many of these programmes were sponsored by record companies, and in order to include as many records as possible, most programmes played little more than half of each record.
Radio Luxembourg had enjoyed its own commercial radio monopoly of English-language programming heard in the UK but, in March , Radio Caroline began daytime commercial radio transmissions to southern England from a ship anchored less than four miles off the coast the station later acquired a second ship, and moved the first to the Irish Sea. In Caroline's primary reception areas, her groundwave signal was strong and unaffected during daylight hours by fading and interference.
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Following the success of this first offshore station, others soon followed, mostly broadcasting from locations off the Essex coast or the Thames Estuary. These transmissions were eventually extended around the clock and featured many different broadcasting formats, though pop music on discs predominated. As a result of this competition, Radio Luxembourg gradually abandoned pre-recorded sponsored programmes for a more flexible continuity. Its new format featured mainly spot advertising within record programmes presented live by resident disc jockeys in Luxembourg, some of them recruited from the offshore stations.
In August , the Marine Broadcasting Offences Act passed into law, and forced all but the two Caroline stations off the air by eliminating their means of selling commercial advertising in the UK. As well as closing down offshore "pirate radio", the British government instructed the BBC to create its own non-commercial replacement, named Radio 1. Radio 1 commenced transmissions at the end of September While Luxembourg almost had the UK commercial airwaves to itself, it was still restricted to evening and night hours. The presenters included the following: By the middle of , even the two Caroline offshore stations had left the air and, while other attempts were made to restart offshore radio commercial broadcasts aimed at the UK in the early s, Luxembourg did not face commercial competition, only a growing increase in audience share by more BBC services.
For a time in the late s Luxembourg advertised itself as "The O. But in , the BBC radio monopoly was finally ended by new legislation introducing Independent Local Radio , funded by the sale of advertising time. In , Radio Luxembourg marked its fiftieth anniversary as a station, but the British commercial radio stations kept whittling away the audience and advertising, while a brief replay of competition for audiences began to emerge from off the British coastline with new radio ship transmissions.
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These were shows heard in as reported in the Radio Luxembourg Research Report page 20 of listeners. By the time the survey appeared, the programme line-up below had changed in various ways, including the untimely death of Barry Alldis in the middle of the survey:.
Some other presenters in the s and s: During the s one of the station's slogans was "Planet earth's biggest commercial radio station". In , hoping to build a new audience, Luxembourg in English once more returned with a daytime schedule for the first time since the early s, but this time it was aimed at Scandinavian audiences using a hour stereo transponder on the Astra 1A satellite to supplement the analogue night-time service.
The satellite and shortwave service continued until midnight on 30 December The closedown night was relayed on various stations, including the old wavelength. The Van Morrison song was the next-to-last record that night, followed by Marion Montgomery 's "Maybe the morning". Atlantic switched to hour broadcasts around the time that Radio Luxembourg shut down its medium wave broadcasts.
The voice of Henry Owens was also heard on promotions for both stations in the early s. It was briefly available in the UK using DRM digital broadcasts over shortwave but the transmitter power was reduced, and by was not receivable outside Luxembourg itself essentially, a test transmission.
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The digital station continues broadcasting over the Internet. RTL became the majority shareholder from , when it had been re-branded as "Five".