The Scottish lords forced her to abdicate in favour of her son James VI , who had been born in June James was taken to Stirling Castle to be raised as a Protestant. Mary escaped from Loch Leven in but after another defeat fled across the border into England, where she had once been assured of support from Elizabeth. Elizabeth's first instinct was to restore her fellow monarch; but she and her council instead chose to play safe. Rather than risk returning Mary to Scotland with an English army or sending her to France and the Catholic enemies of England, they detained her in England, where she was imprisoned for the next nineteen years.
Mary was soon the focus for rebellion. In there was a major Catholic rising in the North ; the goal was to free Mary, marry her to Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk , and put her on the English throne. Regnans in Excelsis gave English Catholics a strong incentive to look to Mary Stuart as the legitimate sovereign of England.
Mary may not have been told of every Catholic plot to put her on the English throne, but from the Ridolfi Plot of which caused Mary's suitor, the Duke of Norfolk, to lose his head to the Babington Plot of , Elizabeth's spymaster Sir Francis Walsingham and the royal council keenly assembled a case against her. By late , she had been persuaded to sanction her trial and execution on the evidence of letters written during the Babington Plot.
Position under Edward VI and Mary
The sincerity of Elizabeth's remorse and whether or not she wanted to delay the warrant have been called into question both by her contemporaries and later historians. Elizabeth's foreign policy was largely defensive. The exception was the English occupation of Le Havre from October to June , which ended in failure when Elizabeth's Huguenot allies joined with the Catholics to retake the port. An element of piracy and self-enrichment drove Elizabethan seafarers, over whom the queen had little control. After the occupation and loss of Le Havre in —, Elizabeth avoided military expeditions on the continent until , when she sent an English army to aid the Protestant Dutch rebels against Philip II.
It also extended Spanish influence along the channel coast of France, where the Catholic League was strong, and exposed England to invasion. The outcome was the Treaty of Nonsuch of August , in which Elizabeth promised military support to the Dutch. The expedition was led by her former suitor, the Earl of Leicester. Elizabeth from the start did not really back this course of action. Her strategy, to support the Dutch on the surface with an English army, while beginning secret peace talks with Spain within days of Leicester's arrival in Holland, [] had necessarily to be at odds with Leicester's, who wanted and was expected by the Dutch to fight an active campaign.
Elizabeth, on the other hand, wanted him "to avoid at all costs any decisive action with the enemy". Elizabeth saw this as a Dutch ploy to force her to accept sovereignty over the Netherlands, [] which so far she had always declined. She wrote to Leicester:.
Elizabeth I, the People's Queen: Her Life and Times, 21 Activities
We could never have imagined had we not seen it fall out in experience that a man raised up by ourself and extraordinarily favoured by us, above any other subject of this land, would have in so contemptible a sort broken our commandment in a cause that so greatly touches us in honour And therefore our express pleasure and commandment is that, all delays and excuses laid apart, you do presently upon the duty of your allegiance obey and fulfill whatsoever the bearer hereof shall direct you to do in our name.
Whereof fail you not, as you will answer the contrary at your utmost peril. Elizabeth's "commandment" was that her emissary read out her letters of disapproval publicly before the Dutch Council of State, Leicester having to stand nearby. The military campaign was severely hampered by Elizabeth's repeated refusals to send promised funds for her starving soldiers. Her unwillingness to commit herself to the cause, Leicester's own shortcomings as a political and military leader, and the faction-ridden and chaotic situation of Dutch politics led to the failure of the campaign.
Meanwhile, Sir Francis Drake had undertaken a major voyage against Spanish ports and ships in the Caribbean in and In he made a successful raid on Cadiz , destroying the Spanish fleet of war ships intended for the Enterprise of England , [] as Philip II had decided to take the war to England. On 12 July , the Spanish Armada , a great fleet of ships, set sail for the channel, planning to ferry a Spanish invasion force under the Duke of Parma to the coast of southeast England from the Netherlands. A combination of miscalculation, [] misfortune, and an attack of English fire ships on 29 July off Gravelines , which dispersed the Spanish ships to the northeast, defeated the Armada.
He invited Elizabeth to inspect her troops at Tilbury in Essex on 8 August. Wearing a silver breastplate over a white velvet dress, she addressed them in one of her most famous speeches:. My loving people, we have been persuaded by some that are careful of our safety, to take heed how we commit ourself to armed multitudes for fear of treachery; but I assure you, I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving people I know I have the body but of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a King of England too, and think foul scorn that Parma or Spain, or any Prince of Europe should dare to invade the borders of my realm.
When no invasion came, the nation rejoiced. Elizabeth's procession to a thanksgiving service at St Paul's Cathedral rivalled that of her coronation as a spectacle. The English took their delivery as a symbol of God's favour and of the nation's inviolability under a virgin queen.
If the late queen would have believed her men of war as she did her scribes, we had in her time beaten that great empire in pieces and made their kings of figs and oranges as in old times. But her Majesty did all by halves, and by petty invasions taught the Spaniard how to defend himself, and to see his own weakness. Though some historians have criticised Elizabeth on similar grounds, [] Raleigh's verdict has more often been judged unfair.
Elizabeth had good reason not to place too much trust in her commanders, who once in action tended, as she put it herself, "to be transported with an haviour of vainglory". The English fleet suffered a catastrophic defeat with 11,—15, killed, wounded or died of disease [] [] [] and 40 ships sunk or captured. It was her first venture into France since the retreat from Le Havre in Henry's succession was strongly contested by the Catholic League and by Philip II, and Elizabeth feared a Spanish takeover of the channel ports. The subsequent English campaigns in France, however, were disorganised and ineffective.
He withdrew in disarray in December , having lost half his troops. In , the campaign of John Norreys , who led 3, men to Brittany , was even more of a disaster. As for all such expeditions, Elizabeth was unwilling to invest in the supplies and reinforcements requested by the commanders. Norreys left for London to plead in person for more support. In his absence, a Catholic League army almost destroyed the remains of his army at Craon, north-west France, in May The result was just as dismal. Essex accomplished nothing and returned home in January Henry abandoned the siege in April.
Although Ireland was one of her two kingdoms, Elizabeth faced a hostile, and in places virtually autonomous, [] Irish population that adhered to Catholicism and was willing to defy her authority and plot with her enemies. Her policy there was to grant land to her courtiers and prevent the rebels from giving Spain a base from which to attack England. During a revolt in Munster led by Gerald FitzGerald, 15th Earl of Desmond , in , an estimated 30, Irish people starved to death. The poet and colonist Edmund Spenser wrote that the victims "were brought to such wretchedness as that any stony heart would have rued the same".
Between and , Elizabeth faced her most severe test in Ireland during the Nine Years' War , a revolt that took place at the height of hostilities with Spain , who backed the rebel leader, Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone. To her frustration, [] he made little progress and returned to England in defiance of her orders. He was replaced by Charles Blount, Lord Mountjoy , who took three years to defeat the rebels. O'Neill finally surrendered in , a few days after Elizabeth's death.
Elizabeth continued to maintain the diplomatic relations with the Tsardom of Russia originally established by her half-brother. She often wrote to Ivan the Terrible on amicable terms, though the Tsar was often annoyed by her focus on commerce rather than on the possibility of a military alliance. The Tsar even proposed to her once, and during his later reign, asked for a guarantee to be granted asylum in England should his rule be jeopardised. Upon Ivan's death, he was succeeded by his simple-minded son Feodor.
Unlike his father, Feodor had no enthusiasm in maintaining exclusive trading rights with England. Feodor declared his kingdom open to all foreigners, and dismissed the English ambassador Sir Jerome Bowes , whose pomposity had been tolerated by Ivan. Elizabeth sent a new ambassador, Dr. Giles Fletcher, to demand from the regent Boris Godunov that he convince the Tsar to reconsider. The negotiations failed, due to Fletcher addressing Feodor with two of his many titles omitted. Elizabeth continued to appeal to Feodor in half appealing, half reproachful letters. She proposed an alliance, something which she had refused to do when offered one by Feodor's father, but was turned down.
Trade and diplomatic relations developed between England and the Barbary states during the rule of Elizabeth. Diplomatic relations were also established with the Ottoman Empire with the chartering of the Levant Company and the dispatch of the first English ambassador to the Porte , William Harborne , in The period after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in brought new difficulties for Elizabeth that lasted until the end of her reign.
Prices rose and the standard of living fell. One of the causes for this "second reign" of Elizabeth, as it is sometimes called, [] was the changed character of Elizabeth's governing body, the privy council in the s. A new generation was in power.
Theodore Roosevelt for Kids: His Life and Times, 21 Activities by Kerrie Logan Hollihan
With the exception of Lord Burghley, the most important politicians had died around Lopez, her trusted physician. When he was wrongly accused by the Earl of Essex of treason out of personal pique, she could not prevent his execution, although she had been angry about his arrest and seems not to have believed in his guilt.
During the last years of her reign, Elizabeth came to rely on the granting of monopolies as a cost-free system of patronage, rather than asking Parliament for more subsidies in a time of war. Who keeps their sovereign from the lapse of error, in which, by ignorance and not by intent they might have fallen, what thank they deserve, we know, though you may guess.
And as nothing is more dear to us than the loving conservation of our subjects' hearts, what an undeserved doubt might we have incurred if the abusers of our liberality, the thrallers of our people, the wringers of the poor, had not been told us! This same period of economic and political uncertainty, however, produced an unsurpassed literary flowering in England.
During the s, some of the great names of English literature entered their maturity, including William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe. During this period and into the Jacobean era that followed, the English theatre reached its highest peaks. They owed little directly to the queen, who was never a major patron of the arts. As Elizabeth aged her image gradually changed. Her painted portraits became less realistic and more a set of enigmatic icons that made her look much younger than she was. In fact, her skin had been scarred by smallpox in , leaving her half bald and dependent on wigs and cosmetics.
Many of them are missing, so that one cannot understand her easily when she speaks quickly. The more Elizabeth's beauty faded, the more her courtiers praised it. She became fond and indulgent of the charming but petulant young Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, who was Leicester's stepson and took liberties with her for which she forgave him. After Essex's desertion of his command in Ireland in , Elizabeth had him placed under house arrest and the following year deprived him of his monopolies.
He intended to seize the queen but few rallied to his support, and he was beheaded on 25 February. Elizabeth knew that her own misjudgements were partly to blame for this turn of events. An observer wrote in His political mantle passed to his son, Robert Cecil , who soon became the leader of the government. Since Elizabeth would never name her successor, Cecil was obliged to proceed in secret. James's tone delighted Elizabeth, who responded: Neale's view, Elizabeth may not have declared her wishes openly to James, but she made them known with "unmistakable if veiled phrases".
The Queen's health remained fair until the autumn of , when a series of deaths among her friends plunged her into a severe depression. In February , the death of Catherine Carey, Countess of Nottingham , the niece of her cousin and close friend Lady Knollys , came as a particular blow. In March, Elizabeth fell sick and remained in a "settled and unremovable melancholy", and sat motionless on a cushion for hours on end.
A few hours later, Cecil and the council set their plans in motion and proclaimed James King of England. While it has become normative to record the death of the Queen as occurring in , following English calendar reform in the s, at the time England observed New Year's Day on 25 March, commonly known as Lady Day.
Thus Elizabeth died on the last day of the year in the old calendar. The modern convention is to use the old calendar for the date and month while using the new for the year. Elizabeth's coffin was carried downriver at night to Whitehall , on a barge lit with torches. At her funeral on 28 April, the coffin was taken to Westminster Abbey on a hearse drawn by four horses hung with black velvet.
In the words of the chronicler John Stow:. Westminster was surcharged with multitudes of all sorts of people in their streets, houses, windows, leads and gutters, that came out to see the obsequy , and when they beheld her statue lying upon the coffin, there was such a general sighing, groaning and weeping as the like hath not been seen or known in the memory of man. Elizabeth was interred in Westminster Abbey, in a tomb shared with her half-sister, Mary I. Elizabeth was lamented by many of her subjects, but others were relieved at her death. James was depicted as a Catholic sympathiser, presiding over a corrupt court.
Godfrey Goodman , Bishop of Gloucester, recalled: Then was her memory much magnified. The picture of Elizabeth painted by her Protestant admirers of the early 17th century has proved lasting and influential. Neale and A. Rowse , interpreted Elizabeth's reign as a golden age of progress. Recent historians, however, have taken a more complicated view of Elizabeth. She offered very limited aid to foreign Protestants and failed to provide her commanders with the funds to make a difference abroad. Elizabeth established an English church that helped shape a national identity and remains in place today.
Though Elizabeth followed a largely defensive foreign policy, her reign raised England's status abroad. Some historians have called her lucky; [] she believed that God was protecting her. The love of my people hath appeared firm, and the devices of my enemies frustrate. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Queen regnant of England and Ireland from 17 November until For other uses, see Elizabeth I disambiguation , Elizabeth of England disambiguation , and Elizabeth Tudor disambiguation.
The "Darnley Portrait" of Elizabeth I c. Tudor conquest of Ireland. Cultural depictions of Elizabeth I of England. Preserved in a Ms. Retrieved 22 March Robert Poole 6 September Science, Religion and Empire". Institute of Historical Research. Archived from the original on 30 September Retrieved 26 October The Pelican Portrait', called Nicholas Hilliard c.
Archived from the original on 16 April Retrieved 29 July This Sceptred Isle — Most modern historians have considered murder unlikely; breast cancer and suicide being the most widely accepted explanations Doran Monarchy , The coroner 's report, hitherto believed lost, came to light in The National Archives in the late s and is compatible with a downstairs fall as well as other violence Skidmore, — King, "Queen Elizabeth I: Wilson castigates Elizabeth for half-heartedness in the war against Spain.
Bucholz, Newton Key Early modern England Elliott La Europa dividida — Editorial Critica, Performing Blackness on English Stages, — Shakespeare Survey With Index 1— University of Pennsylvania Press. Objects between cultures", Tate. Retrieved 2 May For a detailed account of such criticisms and of Elizabeth's "government by illusion", see chapter 8, "The Queen and the People", Haigh, — Costly wars against Spain and the Irish, involvement in the Netherlands, socio-economic distress, and an authoritarian turn by the regime all cast a pall over Gloriana's final years, underpinning a weariness with the queen's rule and open criticism of her government and its failures.
Covering books and digital resources across all fields of history review no. Retrieved on 28 May Like Henry IV of France, she projected an image of herself which brought stability and prestige to her country. By constant attention to the details of her total performance, she kept the rest of the cast on their toes and kept her own part as queen.
Historical memorials of Westminster Abbey. Some Victorian narratives, such as Raleigh laying his cloak before the queen or presenting her with a potato, remain part of the myth. Dobson and Watson, But the ideas are present, as is the idea of romantic leadership of a nation in peril, because they were present in Elizabethan times".
Adams, Simon , Leicester and the Court: Essays in Elizabethan Politics , Manchester: Davenport, Cyril , Pollard, Alfred, ed. Doran, Susan , Monarchy and Matrimony: The Courtships of Elizabeth I , London: Frieda, Leonie , Catherine de Medici , London: Haigh, Christopher , Elizabeth I 2nd ed. Haynes, Alan , The White Bear: Hogge, Alice , God's Secret Agents: Kantorowicz, Ernst Hartwig To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up.
To ask other readers questions about Theodore Roosevelt for Kids , please sign up. Be the first to ask a question about Theodore Roosevelt for Kids. Lists with This Book. This book is not yet featured on Listopia. Feb 13, Karen Ball rated it liked it Shelves: America's 26th president started out as a sickly, asthmatic child who wasn't well enough to go to school.
His father encouraged him to exercise and build his body, and his curiosity about nature led him to learn about animals and habitats. Theodore Roosevelt graduated from Harvard, and became many things in his life: He had a large family whom he America's 26th president started out as a sickly, asthmatic child who wasn't well enough to go to school. He had a large family whom he loved, and they all trooped into the Executive Mansion with him.
Roosevelt changed the name of the home to "The White House" and he and his wife Edith restored and updated the building, adding the West Wing and the Oval Office. Roosevelt was a wealthy man with business connections, but he was known for "trust-busting" - or breaking up business monopolies. He was also known for his conservation efforts, including setting aside more than 16 million acres of public lands as parks and monuments for all people to enjoy. His international policies and actions were also well known: The ways that Roosevelt got things done weren't always on the up-and-up, and though not everything he did went well, he seemed to have the best intentions overall at least in the frame of his time.
This biography is well-written, though some of the historical political situations are more complicated. Plenty of photos and the 21 activities are related to the events of the time, with plenty of directions and cautions. Jun 21, Kaycee rated it really liked it. Monopoly breaker, Nobel Peace Prize winner, conservationist, progressive policy maker, creator of the Square Deal, and inspiration for the teddy bear. Theodore Roosevelt led a very accomplished presidency, but his life before and after his time in often had just as many accomplishments and adventures.
The book gives details about Teddy Roosevelt's life from his asthma attacks in childhood to his death at Sagamore Hill. The book is very detailed and full of quotes from Roosevelt and his peers. Th Monopoly breaker, Nobel Peace Prize winner, conservationist, progressive policy maker, creator of the Square Deal, and inspiration for the teddy bear.
Through this book it is easy for the reader to see just how influential Teddy Roosevelt was in the turn of the century and how his policies and actions helped to shape the United States. The book contains 21 activities and crafts that are engaging and apply directly to the content of the book. In addition to the activities there are also side bars and boxes that give additional Details about people and important events.
There is also a timeline, a table of contents, a list of resources, and an index. This book has a lot of information and while it is fairly easy to read, and gives definitions for some of the more difficult words in the text, I would recommend for readers in grades Jul 07, Diana Jenkins rated it it was amazing. This book is for young readers, but it's a fascinating read for adults as well.
Kerrie Logan Hollihan brings Theodore Roosevelt and his times to life with her well-researched and well-written book. Interesting details, well-placed quotes by and about Roosevelt, excellent photos and illustrations, and intriguing sidebars enrich this wonderful presidential biography. The activities are genuinely useful and educat This book is for young readers, but it's a fascinating read for adults as well.
The activities are genuinely useful and educational but still appealing to kids. Hal Price rated it really liked it Jan 24, Mary Napoli rated it liked it Dec 28, Karin Oliveira rated it it was amazing May 13, Zoe Schwitzer rated it it was amazing Nov 17,